| 词条 | Lost Generation |
| 释义 |
The Lost Generation is the generation that came of age during World War I, which took the lives of 40 million people. “Lost” in this context also means “disoriented, wandering, directionless”—a recognition that there was great confusion and aimlessness among the war's survivors in the early post-war years."[1] The term is particularly used to refer to a group of artists,[2] and particularly American expatriate writers, living in Paris during the 1920s.[3][4] Gertrude Stein is credited with coining the term; it was subsequently popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it in the epigraph for his 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises: “You are all a lost generation.” In literatureThe 1926 publication of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises popularized the term; the novel serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation.{{r|mellow1992|page=302}} However, Hemingway later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the "point of the book" was not so much about a generation being lost, but that "the earth abideth forever."{{r|baker|page=82}} Hemingway believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been "battered" but were not lost.{{r|baker|page=82}} Consistent with this ambivalence, Hemingway employs "Lost Generation" as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel. In A Moveable Feast, Hemingway writes "I tried to balance Miss Stein's quotation from the garage owner with one from Ecclesiastes." A few lines later, recalling the risks and losses of the war, he adds: "I thought of Miss Stein and Sherwood Anderson and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought 'who is calling who a lost generation?{{'"}}{{r|hemingway|pages=29–30}} Literary themesThe writings of the Lost Generation literary figures tended to have common themes. These themes mostly pertained to the writers' experiences in World War I and the years following it. It is said that the work of these writers was autobiographical based on their use of mythologized versions of their lives.[6] One of the themes that commonly appears in the authors' works is decadence and the frivolous lifestyle of the wealthy.[7] Both Hemingway and Fitzgerald touched on this theme throughout the novels The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby. Another theme commonly found in the works of these authors was the death of the American dream, which is exhibited throughout many of their novels.[8] It is particularly prominent in The Great Gatsby, in which the character Nick Carraway comes to realize the corruption that surrounds him. Other usesThe term is also used in a broader context for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define the Lost Generation as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900, who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties.{{r|howe}} In Europe, they are mostly known as the "Generation of 1914", for the year World War I began.{{r|wohl}} In France, the country in which many expatriates settled, they were sometimes called the Génération du feu, the "(gun)fire generation". In Great Britain, the term was originally used for those who died in the war,{{r|aftermath}} and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite.{{r|winter}} Many felt that "the flower of youth and the best manhood of the peoples [had] been mowed down,"[9] for example such notable casualties as the poets Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas and Wilfred Owen,{{r|bbc}} composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley. Notable membersMembers of the Lost Generation include F. Scott Fitzgerald,[10] Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, T.S. Eliot,[11] Ezra Pound, Jean Rhys[12] and Sylvia Beach.[13]See also{{Portal|1920s|World War I}}
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Hynes|first=Samuel|title=A War Imagined: The First World War and English Culture|date=1990|publisher=Bodley Head|location=London|isbn=0 370 30451 9|page=386}} [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]2. ^{{cite book |last1=Madsen |first1=Alex |title=Sonia Delaunay: Artist of the Lost Generation |date=2015 |publisher=Open Road Distribution |isbn=9781504008518}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Fitch |first1=Noel Riley |title=Sylvia Beach and the lost generation : a history of literary Paris in the twenties and thirties |date=1983 |publisher=WW Norton |isbn=9780393302318}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Monk |first1=Craig |title=Writing the lost generation: expatriate autobiography and American modernism |date=2010 |publisher=University of Iowa Press |isbn=9781587297434}} 5. ^Mellow, James R. (1991). Charmed Circle: Gertrude Stein and Company, p,273. New York: Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-395-47982-7}}. 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehemingwayproject.com/hemingway-the-fitzgeralds-and-the-lost-generation-an-interview-with-kirk-curnutt/|title=Hemingway, the Fitzgeralds, and the Lost Generation: An Interview with Kirk Curnutt {{!}} The Hemingway Project|website=www.thehemingwayproject.com|access-date=2016-03-30}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=https://writersinspire.org/content/lost-generation|title=Lost Generation {{!}} Great Writers Inspire|website=writersinspire.org|access-date=2016-03-30}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.interestingarticles.com/literature/american-lost-generation-11089.html|title=American Lost Generation|website=InterestingArticles.com|access-date=2016-03-30}} 9. ^Rosa Luxemburg et al., "[https://books.google.com/books?id=tVo5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA374 A Spartacan Manifesto], The Nation, March 8, 1919, pp. 373-374 10. ^Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J. United States History: Modern America. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2011. Print. Page 238 11. ^{{cite news |last1=Esguerra |first1=Geolette |title=Sartre was here: 17 cafés where the literary gods gathered |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/travel/destination/10/09/18/lit-and-legend |accessdate=15 March 2019 |publisher=ABS-CBN News |date=9 October 2018}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=Rachel |title=A Literary Tour of Paris |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/rachelthompson/a-literary-tour-of-paris_b_5611255.html |accessdate=15 March 2019 |work=The Huffington Post |date=25 July 2014}} 13. ^{{cite book|first=Craig|last=Monk|title=Writing the Lost Generation: Expatriate Autobiography and American Modernism|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year=2010}} 14. ^{{cite book |title=Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences |last=Mellow |first=James R. |authorlink= |year=1992 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=New York |isbn=0-395-37777-3 |ref=CITEREFMellow1992}} 15. ^{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Carlos |authorlink=Carlos Baker |title=Hemingway, the writer as artist |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J |year=1972 |pages= |isbn=0-691-01305-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} 16. ^{{Cite book | last1=Howe | first1=Neil |authorlink1=William Strauss |last2=Strauss | first2=William |authorlink2=Neil Howe |title=Generations: The History of Americas Future. 1584 to 2069 | year=1991 | publisher=William Morrow and Company | location=New York | isbn=0-688-11912-3 | pages=247–260}} 17. ^{{Cite book | last=Wohl | first=Robert | title=The generation of 1914 | year=1979 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge | isbn=978-0-674-34466-2 | pages= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YLe3e3FDXQkC&lpg=PA1&dq=wohl%201914&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} 18. ^{{cite web |title=The Lost Generation: the myth and the reality |publisher=Aftermath – when the boys came home |url=http://www.aftermathww1.com/lostgen.asp |accessdate=6 November 2009}} 19. ^{{cite journal |url=https://web.viu.ca/davies/H482.WWI/Winter.LostGeneration.Britain.pdf |title=Britain's 'Lost Generation' of the First World War |last=Winter |first=J. M. |journal=Population Studies |volume=31 |number=3 |date=November 1977 |pages=449–466 |doi=10.2307/2173368|jstor=2173368 }} 20. ^{{cite web |title=What was the 'lost generation'? |work=Schools Online World War One |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/outcomes1_03.shtml |accessdate=22 March 2012}} }} Further reading
External links
10 : 19th century|Aftermath of World War I|American literary movements|Cultural generations|Ernest Hemingway|Gertrude Stein|Literary movements|Roaring Twenties|Words coined in the 1920s|2018 disestablishments |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。