| 词条 | Pentecontad calendar |
| 释义 |
The pentecontad calendar (from πεντηκοντάς pentēkontás) is an agricultural calendar system thought to be of Amorite origin in which the year is broken down into seven periods of fifty days (a total of 350 days), with an annual supplement of fifteen or sixteen days. Identified and reconstructed by Julius and Hildegaard Lewy in the 1940s, the calendar's use dates back to at least the 3rd millennium BCE in western Mesopotamia and surrounding areas. Used well into the modern age, forms of it have been found in Nestorianism and among the Fellahin of modern Palestine.[1] OverviewIn Akkadian, the pentecontad calendar was known as hamšâtum[2] and the period of fifteen days at the end of the year was known to Babylonians as shappatum.[3] Each fifty-day period was made up of seven weeks of seven days and seven Sabbaths, with an extra fiftieth day,[4] known as the atzeret.[5] Used extensively by the various Canaanite tribes of Palestine, the calendar was also thought to have been used by the Israelites until the official adoption of a new type of solar calendar system by King Solomon.[6] The liturgical calendar of the Essenes at Qumran was a pentecontad calendar, marked by festivals on the last day of each fifty-day period such as the Feast of New Wine, the Feast of Oil, and the Feast of New Wheat.[7] Philo expressly connected the "unequalled virtues" of the pentecontad calendar with the Pythagorean theorem, further describing the number fifty as the "perfect expression of the right-angled triangle, the supreme principle of production in the world, and the 'holiest' of numbers".[8]Tawfiq Canaan (1882–1964) described the use of such a calendar among Palestinians in southern Palestine, as did his contemporary Gustaf Dalman, who wrote of the practices of Muslim agriculturalists who used Christian designations for the fiftieth day, "which in turn overlaid far more ancient agricultural practices: grape-watching, grape-pressing, sowing, etc."[9]Julius Morgenstern argued that the calendar of the Jubilees has ancient origins as a somewhat modified survival of the pentecontad calendar.[10][11]See also
References1. ^{{cite book|title=Calendar, Chronology and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity|author=Roger Thomas Beckwith|publisher=BRILL|date=2005|page=26|isbn=90-04-12526-4}} {{Calendars}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Hebrew Union College Annual|author=Hebrew Union College|date=1924|page=75}} 3. ^{{cite book|title=Standard C Date/Time Library: Programming the World's Calendars and Clocks|author=Lance Latham|date=1998|page=37|publisher=Focal Press|isbn=0-87930-496-0}} 4. ^{{cite book|title=Social Sciences|author=Pi Gamma Mu |author-link=Pi Gamma Mu|date=1981|page=25}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week|author=Eviatar Zerubavel|date=1989|publisher=University of Chicago Press|page=8|isbn=0-226-98165-7}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=The Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death, and Kindred Occasions Among the Semites|author=Julian Morgenstern|date=1966|publisher=Hebrew Union College Press|page=282}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls in English|author=Geza Vermes|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|date=1995|page=54|isbn=1-85075-563-9}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=The Jewish Sect of Qumran and the Essenes: New Studies on the Dead Sea Scrolls|author=André Dupont-Sommer |author-link=André Dupont-Sommer|date=1956|publisher=Macmillan|page=1}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Jewish Women Philosophers of First Century Alexandria|author=Joan E. Taylor|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-925961-5}} 10. ^{{cite book|title=The Dead Sea Scrolls|author=Millar Burrows|date=1955|publisher=Viking Press|page=241}} 11. ^Jonhatan Ben-Dov, [https://www.academia.edu/1213350/The_History_of_Pentecontad_Time_Periods_I_ The_History_of_Pentecontad_Time_Periods (I)], in: A Teacher for All Generations. Essays in Honor of James C. VanderKam, (Gen. ed. E. Mason; JSJSup 153; Leiden: Brill, 2011), vol. I, pp. 93–111. This paper rebuts most of previous theories presented above. 2 : Obsolete calendars|Palestinian culture |
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