1. Overview

2. Classic Creole dishes
    Appetizers  Soups  Main dishes  Side dishes  Desserts  Beverages  Breakfast  Condiments 

3. Creole cooking methods

4. Ingredients
    Grains  Fruits and vegetables  Meat and seafood  Creole seasonings 

5. Creole dishes
    Primary favorites   Primary Desserts   Food as an event  Crawfish boil 

6. See also
    New Orleans Creole restaurants 

7. References

8. External links

Louisiana Creole cuisine ({{lang-fr|Cuisine créole}}, {{lang-es|Cocina criolla}}) is a style of cooking originating in Louisiana, United States, which blends French, Spanish, West African, Amerindian, Haitian, German and Italian influences,^[1][2] as well as influences from the general cuisine of the Southern United States.

Creole cuisine revolves around influences found in Louisiana from populations present in Louisiana before the sale of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

Overview

Louisiana sits at a crossroads for a large variety of immigrant influences. It is widely known that Louisiana was founded by the French, thus in Louisiana Creole is placed in a French aesthetic, with an emphasis on complex sauces and slow-cooking.

Later, émigrés came to New Orleans from the French and Haitian Revolutions and added further elegance and gallic influences to the cuisine.^[3]

Classic Creole dishes

Appetizers

• Oysters Bienville
• Oysters en brochette
• Oysters Rockefeller
• Shrimp remoulade

Soups

• Bisque
• Gumbo
• Turtle soup

Main dishes

• Chicken Creole
• Creole Chicken Fricassee
• Creole Baked Chicken
• Crawfish étouffée
• Jambalaya
• Mirliton
• Pompano en Papillote
• Rice and gravy
• Shrimp bisque
• Shrimp Creole
• Smothered Pork Chops
• Trout meunière

Side dishes

• Red beans
• Dirty rice
• Smothered green beans with sausage and potatoes

Desserts

• Bananas Foster
• Beignets
• King cake
• Doberge cake
• Praline
• Banana pudding
• Bread pudding

Beverages

• Café Brûlot
• Café au lait
• Ramos Gin Fizz
• Sazerac cocktail

Breakfast

• Calas
• Eggs Sardou
• Grits and Grillades
• French toast (Pain perdu, or Lost Bread)

Condiments

• Creole cream cheese
• Pepper jelly
• Remoulade
• Creole mustard

Creole cooking methods

• Barbecuing - similar to "slow and low" Southern barbecue traditions, but with Creole seasoning.
  • Baking - direct and indirect dry heat in a furnace or oven, faster than smoking but slower than grilling.
  • Grilling - direct heat on a shallow surface, fastest of all variants; sub-variants include:
  • Charbroiling - direct dry heat on a solid surface with wide raised ridges.
  • Gridironing - direct dry heat on a solid or hollow surface with narrow raised ridges.
  • Griddling - direct dry or moist heat along with the use of oils and butter on a flat surface.
  • Braising - combining a direct dry heat charbroil-grill or gridiron-grill with a pot filled with broth for direct moist heat, faster than smoking but slower than regular grilling and baking; time starts fast, slows down, then speeds up again to finish.
• Boiling - as in boiling of crabs, crawfish, or shrimp, in seasoned liquid.
• Deep frying
• Smothering - cooking a vegetable or meat with low heat and small amounts of water or stock, similar to braising. Étouffée is a popular variant done with crawfish or shrimp.
• Pan-broiling or pan-frying.
• Injecting - using a large syringe-type setup to place seasoning deep inside large cuts of meat. This technique is much newer than the others on this list, but very common in Creole cooking.
• Stewing, also known as fricassée.

Deep-frying of turkeys or oven-roasted turduckens entered southern Louisiana cuisine more recently.

Ingredients

The following is a partial list of ingredients used in Creole cuisine and some of the staple ingredients.

Grains

• Corn
• Rice — long, medium, or short grain white; also popcorn rice

Rice proved to be a valuable commodity in Creole cuisine. With an abundance of water and a hot, humid climate, rice could be grown practically anywhere in the region and grew wild in some areas. Rice became the predominant starch in the diet, as it was easy to grow, store and prepare. The oldest rice mill in operation in the United States, the Conrad Rice Mill, is located in New Iberia.

• Wheat (for baking bread)

Fruits and vegetables

• Bell peppers
• Blackberries
• Cayenne peppers
• Celery
• Collard greens
• Cucumbers
• Figs
• Limes
• Lemons
• Mirlitons (also called chayotes or vegetable pears)
• Muscadines
• Okra
• Onions
• Pecans
• Satsuma oranges
• Scallions (also known as green onions or onion tops)
• Squash
• Strawberries
• Sweet potatoes
• Tabasco pepper
• Tomatoes

Meat and seafood

Creole folkways include many techniques for preserving meat, some of which are waning due to the availability of refrigeration and mass-produced meat at the grocer. Smoking of meats remains a fairly common practice, but once-common preparations such as turkey or duck confit (preserved in poultry fat, with spices) are now seen even by Acadians as quaint rarities.

Game is still uniformly popular in Creole cooking.

The recent increase of catfish farming in the Mississippi Delta has increased its usage in Creole cuisine, replacing the more traditional wild-caught trout (the saltwater species) and red fish.

Creole seasonings

• Bay leaf
• Oregano
• Bell peppers (green or red)
• Black pepper
• Cayenne pepper
• Celery
• Garlic
• Onion (bell pepper, onion, and celery used together are known as the "holy trinity" of Creole cuisine.)
• Parsley, flat leaf
• Sassafras leaves (dried and ground into the spice known as filé for gumbo of the Choctaw)
• Dried shrimp
• Sugarcane, also cane syrup, brown sugar and molasses
• Thyme

• "Creole spice" blends such as Tony Chachere's and REX King of Spice are sometimes used in Creole kitchens, but do not suit every cook's style because Creole-style seasoning is often achieved from scratch, even by taste. Whole peppers are almost never used in authentic Creole dishes — ground Cayenne, paprika, and pepper sauces predominate.
• Hot sauce
• Seafood boil mix
• Vinegar seasoned with small, pickled, hot green peppers is a common condiment with many Creole meals.
• Persillade
• Marinades made with olive oil, brown sugar, and citrus juices
• Various barbecue rubs similar to those in other states

Knowing how to make a good roux is key to Cajun and Creole cooking. The technique was inherited from the French. A roux is "a mixture made from equal parts of fat and flour, used especially to make a sauce or soup thicker."^[4] The fat and flour are cooked together on the stovetop until the mixture reaches a certain level of brownness, or darkness. Creole roux in New Orleans are known to be lighter than Cajun roux and are usually made with butter or bacon fat and flour. But certain Creole dishes use a dark roux. Dark roux are usually made with oil or bacon fat and flour. The scent of a good roux is so strong that it stays in clothes until they are washed. The scent is so widely recognized in Louisiana that others can tell if someone is making a roux, and often infer that they're making a gumbo. The secret to making a good gumbo is pairing the roux with the protein, similar to pairing the right wine and protein.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

• Light roux: A light roux is well-suited for seafood dishes, because the roux won't overwhelm the subtle seafood flavors. A light-colored roux doesn't support the heavier meat flavor of meat-based gumbos. For a light roux, the flour is cooked to a light golden brown.
• Medium roux: Medium roux are the most versatile and probably the most common among the Creole cuisine of the New Orleans area. They work well with most Creole dishes. A medium roux will turn the color of a copper penny or peanut butter. A medium roux begins to take on the warm, browned flavor widely associated with gumbo.
• Dark roux: A dark roux, with its strong (dense) nutty flavor will completely overpower a simple seafood gumbo, but is the perfect complement to a gumbo using chicken, sausage, crawfish or alligator.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} Chicken will just settle into the darker flavor, while sausage and dark roux balance each other well. A dark roux is approximately the color of milk chocolate. Preparing a dark roux is complicated. It involves heating oil or fat and flour very carefully, constantly stirring for 15–45 minutes (depending on the darkness desired), until the mixture has turned quite dark and developed a rich, nutty flavor and smell. It's very easy to burn the flour as it moves toward a darker brown, and burnt roux renders a dish unpalatable. A heavy-bottomed pot can help protect the roux from burning. {{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
• Stocks: Creole stocks may be more heavily seasoned than Continental counterparts, and the shellfish stock sometimes made with shrimp and crawfish heads is unique to Creole cuisine.
  • Fish stock and Court-bouillon
  • Shellfish stock
  • Chicken stock

Creole dishes

Primary favorites

Gumbo - Gumbo is the quintessential stew-like soup of Louisiana. The dish is a Louisiana version of West African okra soups which the dish gumbo is named for. The name "gumbo" is derived from the French term for okra, which entered Louisiana French from West African languages as "gombo", from the West African "kilogombo" or "quingombo". Okra, often one of the principal ingredients in gumbo recipes, is used as a thickening agent and for its distinct flavor. In modern Louisiana cuisine, okra is not a requirement any longer, so gumbos can be made either with or without okra. Often gumbo that is not made with okra is made with a Louisiana spice called filé, a spice made from ground sassafras leaves. Chicken gumbos are often made without okra and made with filé instead. Tradition holds that a seafood gumbo is more common in summer months when okra is plentiful and a chicken or wild game gumbo in winter months when hunting is common. But of course, in Louisiana, a variety of different gumbos is eaten year long.

A filé gumbo is thickened with dried sassafras leaves after the stew has finished cooking, a practice borrowed from the Choctaw Indians. The backbone of a gumbo is roux of which there are two variations mainly used. A medium roux, or a dark roux, which is made of flour, toasted in fat or oil until well-browned.

Shrimp Creole - Shrimp Creole is a favorite of Creole cuisine in the greater New Orleans area. It's a dish made of shrimp, tomatoes, onion, bell pepper, celery, garlic and cayenne pepper. Classic shrimp creole does not contain a roux, but some cooks may add one. It's an early Creole dish that shows its strong French and Spanish heritage.

Red Beans and Rice - Red beans and rice is one of the most common dishes found in New Orleans, cooked in homes and restaurants throughout the New Orleans area. Red beans arrived with white French Creoles from Haiti who escaped Haiti during the slave uprising, settling in New Orleans. The wonderful stew of red beans has a strong Caribbean influence.

Primary Desserts

Bread Pudding - A dessert made from day-old or stale French bread.^[13] A popular Creole and Cajun dessert that also contains eggs, milk, cinnamon, and vanilla.

Food as an event

Crawfish boil

The crawfish boil is a celebratory event that involves boiling crawfish, potatoes, onions and corn in large pots over propane cookers. The crawfish boil is an event central to both Creole and Cajun cuisines. Lemons and small muslin bags containing a mixture of bay leaves, mustard seeds, cayenne pepper and other spices, commonly known as "crab boil" or "crawfish boil" are added to the water for seasoning. The results are then dumped onto large, newspaper-draped tables and in some areas covered in Creole spice blends, such as REX, Zatarain's, Louisiana Fish Fry or Tony Chachere's. Also, Cocktail sauce, mayonnaise and hot sauce are sometimes used. The seafood is scooped onto large trays or plates and eaten by hand. During times when crawfish are not abundant, shrimp and crabs are prepared and served in the same manner.

Attendees are encouraged to "suck the head" of a crawfish by separating the abdomen of the crustacean and sucking out the abdominal fat/juices.

Often, newcomers to the crawfish boil, or those unfamiliar with the traditions, are jokingly warned "not to eat the dead ones". This comes from the common belief that when live crawfish are boiled, their tails curl beneath themselves, but when dead crawfish are boiled, their tails are straight and limp.

Seafood boils with crabs and shrimp are also popular.

See also

• Cuisine of New Orleans
• Cuisine of the Southern United States
• Barbecue
• Cajun cuisine

New Orleans Creole restaurants

• Antoine's
• Arnaud's
• Brennan's
• Broussard's
• Commander's Palace
• Galatoire's
• Hubig's New Orleans Style Pies
• Dooky Chase's

References

External links

• The full text and page images of Lafcadio Hearn's La Cuisine Creole can be found here at Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project.
• The full text and page images of Célestine Eustis's Cooking in Old Creole Days can be found here at Feeding America: The Historic American Cookbook Project.

• Pollard, Alabama
• Pollard, AR
• Pollard, Arkansas
• Pollard Hopewell
• Pollarding
• Pollard rho
• Pollard rho method
• Pollard's p-1 factoring algorithm
• Pollard's p − 1 algorithm
• Pollard's rho
• Pollard's Rho Algorithm
• Pollard's rho algorithm
• Pollard's rho algorithm for logarithms
• Pollard's rho method
• Pollard, William
• Pollaxe
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