| 词条 | Louis Jacobs |
| 释义 |
Louis Jacobs CBE (17 July 1920 – 1 July 2006[1]) was the founder of Masorti (Conservative) Judaism in the United Kingdom, and a leading writer and theologian. He was also the focus of what has become known as "The Jacobs Affair" that took place in the British Jewish community in the early 1960s. Early careerJacobs studied at Manchester Yeshivah, and later at the kolel in Gateshead. His teachers included leading Rabbi Eliyahu Dessler. Jacobs was ordained as a rabbi at Manchester Yeshivah. Later in his career he studied at University College London where he gained his PhD on the topic of The Business Life of the Jews in Babylon, 200–500 BCE. Jacobs was appointed rabbi at Manchester Central Synagogue in 1948. In 1954 he was appointed to the New West End Synagogue in London. Jacobs became Moral Tutor at Jews' College, London, where he taught Talmud and homiletics during the last years of Rabbi Dr. Isidore Epstein's tenure as principal. By this time Jacobs had drifted away from the strictly traditional approach to Jewish theology that had marked his formative years. Instead he struggled to find a synthesis that would accommodate Orthodox Jewish theology and modern day higher biblical criticism. Jacobs was especially concerned with how to reconcile modern day Orthodox Jewish faith with the Documentary Hypothesis. His ideas about the subject were published in the book, We Have Reason to Believe, in 1957. The book was originally written to record the essence of discussions held on its title's subject at weekly classes given by Jacobs at the New West End Synagogue and was the subject at the time of some mild criticism, but not of any major censure. We Have Reason to BelieveMost of Jacobs's book We Have Reason to Believe deals with such topics as proof of God's existence, pain, miracles, the after-life, and the idea of a 'Chosen People', ideas which were not in themselves controversial. Debate on the book was eventually to centre on chapters 6, 7, and 8: The Torah and Modern Criticism, A Synthesis of the Traditional and Critical Views and Bible Difficulties. In these chapters Jacobs took on discussion of 'Modern Criticism' of the Bible, more specifically textual analysis of the Torah known as the 'Documentary Hypothesis', which suggests that its texts derives from multiple sources, rather than having been given, as Orthodox rabbinical traditions have it, complete in its present form by God to Moses during the period beginning on Mount Sinai and ending with Moses's death. Jacobs comments: "While Judaism stands or falls on the belief in revelation, there is no 'official' interpretation on the way in which God spoke to man".[2] He points out that "according to some rabbis, [the Pentateuch] was given to Moses at intervals during the sojourn in the Wilderness". But he also points out that given the arguments of textual criticism "no work of Jewish apologetics, however limited in scope, can afford to fight shy of the problem".[3] Here there is an implied rebuke of the tendency of many Jewish authorities of the period simply to gloss over the inconveniences of the thoughts of the "modern critics" – a rebuke which may have rankled with some. Jacobs concludes: "there is nothing to deter the faithful Jew from accepting the principle of textual criticism".[4] He is aware that "to talk about 'reconciling' the Maimonidean idea and the Documentary Hypothesis […] is futile, for you cannot reconcile two contradictory theories. But to say this is not to preclude the possibility of a synthesis between the old knowledge and the new knowledge".[5] Jacobs provides numerous examples from the Talmud and from other rabbinical writings indicating acceptance of the idea of Divine intervention in human affairs, with "God revealing his Will not alone to men but through men". He concludes that, even if the Documentary Hypothesis is partly (or even entirely) correct, God's power is not lessened because He preferred to co-operate with His creatures in producing the Book of Books […] We hear the authentic voice of God speaking to us through the pages of the Bible […] and its message is in no way affected in that we can only hear that voice through the medium of human beings.[6] The "Jacobs Affair"It had been widely assumed that after Epstein's retirement as principal of Jews' College he would be succeeded by Jacobs. When this assumption was translated into a definite invitation by the College's Board of Trustees in 1961, the then Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom, Israel Brodie, interdicted the appointment "because of his [Jacobs's] published views". This was a reference to We Have Reason to Believe. The British newspaper, The Jewish Chronicle, took up the issue and turned it into a cause célèbre which was reported in the national press, including The Times. It was ...an event that threatened to become the biggest schism in Anglo-Jewish history.When Jacobs wished to return to his pulpit at the New West End Synagogue, Brodie vetoed his appointment. A number of members then left the New West End Synagogue to found the New London Synagogue. Public interest in Dr. Jacobs's differences with the Anglo-Jewish establishment is also demonstrated by the television interview of Dr. Jacobs of 1966 conducted by Bernard Levin. The New London SynagogueThe defecting congregation purchased the old St. John's Wood synagogue building, and installed Jacobs as its rabbi – a post which he held until 2001[8] and to which he returned in 2005. This congregation, The New London Synagogue, became the "parent" of the Masorti movement in the United Kingdom, which now numbers several congregations. While holding the position of rabbi at the New London Synagogue, Dr. Jacobs was also for many years Lecturer in Talmud and Zohar at the Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college preparing students to serve as Masorti, Reform and Liberal rabbis in the UK and Europe. Rabbi Jacobs served as Chairman of the Academic Committee for some years. Since the founding of the New London Synagogue, Jacobs and the Masorti movement were subject to hostility from Orthodox British Jewish institutions. On his 83rd birthday, in the Bournemouth United Synagogue on the sabbath before his granddaughter's wedding, Jacobs was not provided the honour of an aliyah customarily given to the father of the bride, which gave rise to heated correspondence in the Jewish press including accusations of pettiness and vindictiveness.[9] The Chief Rabbi, Sir Jonathan Sacks, and the head of the London Beth Din, Dayan Chanoch Ehrentreu, responded that, because of what they considered to be Jacobs's heretical beliefs, "they believed that had Jacobs uttered the words 'Our God […] who gave us the Torah of truth […] ', he would have made a false statement".[10] In December 2005, a poll by The Jewish Chronicle of its subscribers, in which 2,000 readers made their nominations, voted Jacobs the "greatest British Jew" in the community's 350-year history in England. Jacobs commented "I feel greatly honoured – and rather daft." Nevertheless, reports that Louis Jacobs had been nominated greatest British Jew, received wide press coverage in Britain. A few months before he died, Jacobs donated his book collection to the Leopold Muller Memorial Library at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies. Witness for Chabad-LubavitchJacobs testified on behalf of the Chabad Lubavitch movement during the Chabad library controversy.[11] Being an acknowledged scholar on Chasidism, Jacobs was called as an expert witness to testify on the Chabad practice of "ma'amad" (support), the method by which the members of the Chabad community supported their Rebbe. Jacobs testified that "[ma'mad] is a due, for which every member of the movement is expected to consider himself responsible, and ... there is an amount according to means which every member pays or is expected to pay. It is best compared to membership dues of a learned society or a sacred society, and the dues are expected as [a] token of membership." Jacobs noted that other Chasidic groups support their Rebbes by gifts known as "pidyon" (redemption) or "pidyon nefesh" (redemption of the soul) delivered personally to a rebbe. Pidyon is understood by Jacobs as "a personal gift, as it were ... for [spiritual] services rendered."[12] Selected publications
Louis Jacobs onlineTwo websites exist with information about Jacobs's writings and thought, and to provide a forum for discussion of his ideas:
Notes1. ^Hebrew calendar 5 Tammuz 5766 2. ^Jacobs (1965), p. 59 3. ^Jacobs (1965), p. 60, citing the Talmud, Hag. 6a-b, Sot. 37b, Zeb. 115b 4. ^Jacobs (1965), p. 64 5. ^Jacobs (1965), p. 68 6. ^Jacobs (1965), pp. 80–81 7. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jul/05/guardianobituaries.religion Obituary: Rabbi Dr Louis Jacobs] The Guardian, 5 July 2006. Retrieved 12 October 2013 8. ^The Daily Telegraph Obituary 7th July 2006 9. ^Times obituary p.1 10. ^The Daily Telegraph Obituary p.1 11. ^Goldman, A. L. (1987). "Judge awards rabbi's library to hasidic unit". The New York Times. 7 January 1987. https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/07/nyregion/judge-awards-rabbi-s-library-to-hasidic-unit.html 12. ^AGUDAS CHASIDEI CHABAD OF UNITED STATES v. Gourary, 650 F. Supp. 1463 (E.D.N.Y. 1987). https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11561856831865926297 Sources
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11 : 1920 births|2006 deaths|British Conservative rabbis|20th-century rabbis|British Jewish theologians|Commanders of the Order of the British Empire|Judaism-related controversies|People from Manchester|Alumni of University College London|London School of Jewish Studies|People associated with Leo Baeck College |
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