| 词条 | Louis Nicolas Vauquelin |
| 释义 |
|name = Louis Nicolas Vauquelin |image =Louis_Nicolas_Vauquelin 3.jpg |image_size =230px |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|1763|5|16|df=y}} |birth_place = Saint-André-d'Hébertot, Normandy, Kingdom of France |death_date = {{death date and age|1829|11|14|1763|5|16|df=y}} |death_place = Saint-André-d'Hébertot, Normandy, Kingdom of France |residence = |nationality = French |field = Chemistry |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = Antoine Francois de Fourcroy |doctoral_students = Friedrich Stromeyer Louis Thénard |known_for = beryllium chromium |influences = |influenced = Mathieu Orfila |prizes = }} Prof Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS(For) HFRSE (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist. He was the discoverer of both chromium and beryllium. Early lifeVauquelin was born at Saint-André-d'Hébertot in Normandy, France, the son of Nicolas Vauquelin, an estate manager, and his wife, Catherine Le Charterier.[1] His first acquaintance with chemistry was gained as laboratory assistant to an apothecary in Rouen (1777–1779), and after various vicissitudes he obtained an introduction to A. F. Fourcroy, in whose laboratory he was an assistant from 1783 to 1791. Moving to Paris, he became a laboratory assistant at the Jardin du Roi and was befriended by a professor of chemistry. In 1791 he was made a member of the Academy of Sciences and from that time he helped to edit the journal Annales de Chimie (Chemical annals), although he left the country for a while during the height of the French Revolution. In 1798 Vauquelin discovered beryllium oxide by extracting it from an emerald (a beryl variety); Klaproth isolated the element from the oxide.[2] Contributions to chemistryAt first his work appeared as that of his master and patron, then in their joint names; in 1790 he began to publish on his own, and between that year and 1833 his name is associated with 376 papers. Most of these were simple records of patient and laborious analytical operations, and it is perhaps surprising that among all the substances he analysed he only detected two new elements, beryllium in 1798 in beryl and chromium in 1797 in a red lead ore from Siberia. He also managed to get liquid ammonia at atmospheric pressure. Later with Fourcroy, he identified a metal in a platinum residue they called ‘ptène’, This name ‘ptene’ or ‘ptène’ was reported as an early synonym for osmium.[3] Either together or successively he held the offices of inspector of mines, professor at the School of Mines and at the Polytechnic School, assayer of gold and silver articles, professor of chemistry in the College de France and at the Jardin des Plantes, member of the Council of Industry and Commerce, commissioner on the pharmacy laws, and finally professor of chemistry to the Medical Faculty, to which he succeeded on Fourcroy's death in 1809. His lectures, which were supplemented with practical laboratory teaching, were attended by many chemists who subsequently attained distinction. A lesser known contribution and finding of his included the study of hens fed a known amount of mineral. "Having calculated all the lime in oats fed to a hen, found still more in the shells of its eggs. Therefore, there is a creation of matter. In that way, no one knows." Final achievements, days and legacyFrom 1809 he was professor at the University of Paris. In 1816, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1828. In 1806, working with asparagus, he and Pierre Jean Robiquet (future discoverer of the famous red dye alizarin, then a young chemist and his assistant) isolated the amino acid asparagine, the first one to be discovered. He also discovered pectin and malic acid in apples, and isolated camphoric acid and quinic acid. His death occurred while he was on a visit to his birthplace. Among his best known works is "Manuel de l'essayeur" (Manual of the assayer). The plant genus Vauquelinia is named in his honor, as is the Vauquelin, an egg white foam associated with molecular gastronomy, and the mineral vauquelinite, discovered at the same mine as the crocoite from which Vauquelin isolated chromium. References
|pmid = 2664360 |last=Kyle |first=R A |last2=Shampo |first2=M A |publication-date=Jun 1989 |year=1989 |title=Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin—discoverer of chromium. |volume=64 |issue=6 |periodical=Mayo Clin. Proc. |pages=643 |postscript = }}
|pmid = 14283607 |last=WILLIAMS-ASHMAN |first=H G |publication-date=May 1965 |year=1965 |title=NICOLAS LOUIS VAUQUELIN (1763–1829). |volume=2 |issue= |periodical=Investigative urology |pages=605–13 |postscript = }}
1. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas}}2. ^{{cite book | last=Weeks | first=Mary Elvira |authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|author2=Leichester, Henry M. | year=1968 | title=Discovery of the Elements | publisher=Journal of Chemical Education | location=Easton, PA | id=LCCCN 68-15217 | ref=CITEREFWeeks1968 }} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Haubrichs|first=Rolf|last2=Zaffalon|first2=Pierre-Leonard|date=2017|title=Osmium vs. ‘Ptène’: The Naming of the Densest Metal|url=http://www.technology.matthey.com/article/61/3/190-196/|journal=Johnson Matthey Technology Review|volume=61|pages=|doi=10.1595/205651317x695631|via=}} 15 : 1763 births|1829 deaths|People from Calvados (department)|French chemists|French Roman Catholics|Discoverers of chemical elements|Members of the French Academy of Sciences|Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|Foreign Members of the Royal Society|18th-century French people|18th-century chemists|19th-century French people|19th-century chemists|Beryllium|Chromium |
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