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词条 Louis Zamperini
释义

  1. Early life

     Childhood  High school  Olympics  Collegiate career 

  2. World War II service

     Lost during search mission  Prisoner of war 

  3. Post-war life

     Evangelism  Last years  Death 

  4. Media

     Biographies & memoirs  Film  In popular culture 

  5. Legacy and awards

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. Citations

  9. Bibliography

  10. External links

{{short description|American middle distance runner}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}{{Infobox person
|name = Louis Zamperini
|image = Louis Zamperini at announcement of 2015 Tournament of Roses Grand Marshal.JPG
|caption = Zamperini at the May 2014 announcement of the 2015 Tournament of Roses Grand Marshal
|birth_name = Louis Silvie Zamperini
|birth_date = {{birth date|1917|01|26|mf=y}}
|birth_place = Olean, New York, U.S.
|death_date = {{death date and age|2014|7|02|1917|01|26}}
|death_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S.
|module={{Infobox military person
|embed=yes
|allegiance={{flagu|United States|1912}}
|branch= U.S. Army Air Forces
|serviceyears=1941–1945
|rank=Captain[1]
|unit=372nd Bombardment Squadron, 307th Bombardment Group[1]
|commands=
|battles=World War II
  • Pacific War

|awards=Distinguished Flying Cross
Purple Heart (2)
Air Medal (4)
Prisoner of War Medal}}
|spouse = {{marriage|Cynthia Applewhite|1946|2001|end=died}}
|children = 2
|alma_mater = University of Southern California
}}{{Infobox athlete
| nocat_wdimage = yes
| name = Louis Zamperini
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| sport = Track, Long-distance running
| event = 1,500 meters, 5,000 meters
| club =
| collegeteam = USC


| height = {{convert|5|ft|9|in|cm}}[2]
| weight = 132 lbs[3]
| pb = 1,500 meters: 3ᵐ52.6ˢ[4]
Mile: 4ᵐ08.3ˢ[4]
5,000 meters: 14ᵐ46.8ˢ[4]
| medaltemplates =
}}

Louis Silvie Zamperini (January 26, 1917 – July 2, 2014) was an American World War II veteran, a Christian evangelist and an Olympic distance runner, best known for being a Japanese prisoner of war survivor.

Zamperini took up running in high school and qualified for the US in the 5,000 m race for the 1936 Berlin Olympics. In 1941, he was commissioned into the United States Army Air Forces as a lieutenant. He served as a bombardier in B-24 Liberators in the Pacific. On a search and rescue mission, mechanical difficulties forced Zamperini's plane to crash in the ocean. After drifting at sea for 46–47 days (island spotted on the 46th, and arrived on 47th) he landed on the Japanese occupied Marshall Islands and was captured. He was taken to a prison camp in Japan where he was tortured. Following the war he initially struggled to overcome his ordeal.

Later he became a Christian Evangelist with a strong belief in forgiveness. Since 1952 he devoted himself to at-risk youth which his family continues today. Zamperini is the subject of three biographical films: Unbroken (2014), Captured by Grace (2015), and Path to Redemption (2018 sequel to Unbroken, 2014).

Early life

Zamperini was born on January 26, 1917 in Olean, New York, to Anthony Zamperini and Louise Dossi, both native to Verona in Northern Italy. He had an older brother named Pete and two younger sisters, Virginia and Sylvia. He was raised in a strict Catholic household.

Childhood

His family moved to Torrance, California, in 1919, where Louis attended Torrance High School. Zamperini and his family spoke no English when they moved to California, making him a target for bullies because of his Italian roots. Zamperini was chased and caught by police for a stolen beer and brought home to his parents who dealt with him. His father taught him how to box in self-defense. Soon he claimed to be "beating the tar out of every one of them; but I was so good at it that I started relishing the idea of getting even. I was sort of addicted to it."[5]

High school

To stop him from getting into trouble as a rebel, his older brother Pete got Zamperini involved in the school track team where Pete was already a star. Pete took Louis on training runs. At the end of his freshman year, he finished 5th in the All City C-division 660 yard (600 m) dash.

{{quote|It was the recognition, nobody in school, except for a few of my buddies, knew my name before I started running. Then, as I started winning races, other kids called me by name. Pete told me I had to quit drinking and smoking if I wanted to do well, and that I had to run, run, run. I decided that summer to go all-out; overnight I became fanatical. I wouldn't even have a milkshake.[6]}}

After a summer of running in 1932, starting with his first cross-country race, and throughout the last three years of high school, Zamperini was undefeated.[6] He started beating his brother's records. In 1934, Zamperini set an interscholastic record for the mile, clocking in at 4 minutes, 21.2 seconds (4ᵐ21.2ˢ) at the preliminary meet to the California state championships.[7]{{#tag:ref|While this track record suggests that others had run faster, Zamperini still set an outstanding time.|group=lower-alpha}} The following week, he won the CIF California State Meet championships with 4ᵐ27.8ˢ.[8] That record helped him win a scholarship to the University of Southern California. During his college life in the University of Southern California, he was part of the Delta Eta Chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.

In 1936, Zamperini decided to try out for the Olympics. In those days, athletes had to pay their way to the Olympic Trials, but since his father worked for the railroad, Louis could get a train ticket free of charge. A group of Torrance merchants raised enough money for the local hero to live on once he got there. The 1,500 metres was stacked that year with eventual silver medalist Glenn Cunningham, Archie San Romani, and Gene Venzke all challenging to get on the team.

Zamperini could not get into what he did best, the 1,500 meters, but he ran the 5,000 metres. On one of the hottest days of the year during the 1936 North American heat wave in Randalls Island, New York, the race saw co-favorite Norm Bright and several others collapse during the race. It was reported that 40 people died from the heat in Manhattan alone that week.[9] With a sprint finish at the end, Zamperini finished in a dead-heat tie against American record-holder Don Lash[6] and qualified for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany. Having qualified at age 19 years, 178 days, Zamperini remains the youngest American 5,000 meters qualifier.[10]

Olympics

Neither Zamperini nor Lash were believed to have much chance of winning the 1936 Olympics 5,000 meter race against world record holder Lauri Lehtinen. Zamperini later related several anecdotes from his Olympic experience, including gorging himself on the boat trip to Europe: "I was a Depression-era kid who had never even been to a drugstore for a sandwich in his life," he said, "and all the food was free. I had not just one sweet roll, but about seven every morning, with bacon and eggs. My eyes were like saucers."[11] By the end of the trip, Zamperini, in common with most athletes on the ship, had gained a good deal of weight: in Zamperini's case, {{convert|12|lb|0}}. While the weight gain was not advantageous for his running, it was necessary for his health, as he had lost {{convert|15|lb|0}} while training in the summer heat in New York for the Olympic Trials.

Zamperini finished 8th in the 5,000 meter distance event at that Olympics, in the time of 14ᵐ46.8ˢ, behind Finland's Gunnar Höckert's Olympic record time of 14ᵐ22.2ˢ (world record holder Lehtinen was second, and Zamperini's teammate, Lash, 13th.). However, his final lap of 56 seconds was fast enough to catch the attention of Adolf Hitler, who insisted on a personal meeting.[12] As Zamperini told the story, Hitler shook his hand, and said simply, "Ah, you’re the boy with the fast finish."[13]

Collegiate career

After the Olympics, Zamperini enrolled as a student at the University of Southern California. At USC, he was a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity (Delta-Eta Chapter). In 1938, Zamperini set a national collegiate mile (~1609 metres) record of 4ᵐ08.3ˢ, despite severe cuts to his shins from competitors attempting to spike him during the race; this record held for fifteen years, earning him the nickname "Torrance Tornado."[14]

World War II service

Zamperini enlisted in the United States Army Air Corps in September 1941[15] and earned a commission as a second lieutenant. He was deployed to the Pacific island of Funafuti as a bombardier on the Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber Super Man.

In April 1943, during a bombing mission against the Japanese-held island of Nauru, the bomber was badly damaged in combat.

Lost during search mission

With Super Man no longer flight-worthy, and a number of the crew injured, the healthy crew members were transferred to Hawaii to await reassignment. Zamperini, along with some other former Super Man crewmates, was assigned to conduct a search for a lost aircraft and crew. They were given another B-24, Green Hornet, notorious among the pilots as a defective "lemon." (Aircraft records show several B-24s with the name: "Green Hornet" and "The Green Hornet";[16] in this case the name was verified from Zamperini's diary before the mission.)

On 27 May 1943, while on the search, mechanical difficulties caused the bomber to crash into the ocean {{convert|850|mi|-1}} south[17] of Oahu, killing eight of the 11 men aboard.[18]

The three survivors were Zamperini and his crewmates, pilot Russell Allen Phillips and Francis McNamara; with little food and no water, they subsisted on captured rainwater, small fish eaten raw, and birds that landed on their raft. McNamara ate all the chocolate they had in a panic, but he later redeemed himself by using an oar to defend the survivors from a shark attack. They attempted to gain the attention of a search plane but failed. With the few tools they were able to salvage from the crash, the men were able to manage on two small rafts that got released. They caught two albatrosses, one of which they ate, and used pieces as bait to catch fish, all while fending off constant shark attacks and nearly being capsized by a storm.[19][20] They were strafed multiple times by a Japanese bomber, which punctured their life raft, but no one was hit. After 33 days at sea, McNamara died; to wish him a good life, free from the war, Zamperini and Phillips wrapped up his body and sent it into the sea.[18][21]

Prisoner of war

On their 47th day adrift, Zamperini and Phillips reached land in the Marshall Islands and were immediately captured by the Japanese Navy.[22] They were held in captivity, severely beaten, and mistreated until the end of the war in August 1945. Initially held at Kwajalein Atoll, after 42 days they were transferred to the Japanese prisoner-of-war camp at Ōfuna, for captives who were not registered as prisoners of war (POW). Zamperini was later transferred to Tokyo's Ōmori POW camp, and was eventually transferred to the Naoetsu POW camp in northern Japan, where he stayed until the war ended. He was tormented by prison guard Mutsuhiro "The Bird" Watanabe, who was later included in General Douglas MacArthur’s list of the forty most wanted war criminals in Japan.

Zamperini was held at the same camp as then-Major Greg "Pappy" Boyington, and in his book, Baa Baa Black Sheep, Boyington describes the Italian recipes Zamperini would write to keep the prisoners’ minds off the food and conditions.

Post-war life

Zamperini had at first been declared missing at sea, and then, a year and a day after his disappearance, KIA. When he did eventually return home, he received a hero's welcome.[18]

Zamperini and Cynthia Applewhite were married in 1946, until widowed (her death) in 2001; they had two children, Cissy and Luke.

Evangelism

In a televised interview on the Christian Broadcasting Network in 2003, Zamperini related that after the war, he had nightmares about strangling his former captors and began drinking heavily, trying to forget his experiences as a POW.[23] His wife Cynthia attended one of the evangelistic crusades led by Billy Graham in Los Angeles, and became a born-again Christian.[31] In 1949, at the encouragement of his wife and her Christian friends, Zamperini reluctantly agreed to attend a crusade. Graham's preaching reminded him of his prayers during his time on the life raft and imprisonment, and Zamperini committed his life to Christ. Following this, he forgave his captors, and his nightmares ceased.[23]

Later Graham helped Zamperini launch a new career as a Christian evangelist. One of his recurring themes was forgiveness, and he visited many of the guards from his POW days to let them know that he had forgiven them. This included an October 1950 visit to Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, where many war criminals were imprisoned, and expressed forgiveness to them. Zamperini told CBN that some became Christians in response.[23]

Last years

Four days before his 81st birthday in January 1998, Zamperini ran a leg in the Olympic Torch relay for the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, not far from the POW camp where he had been held. While there, he attempted to meet with his chief and most brutal tormentor during the war, Mutsuhiro Watanabe, also known as "the Bird", who had evaded prosecution as a war criminal, but Watanabe refused to see him.[24] However, Zamperini sent him a letter, stating that while he suffered great mistreatment from him, he forgave him. It is unknown if Watanabe even read the letter, and Zamperini received no response. In March 2005, Zamperini returned to Germany to visit the Berlin Olympic Stadium for the first time since he had competed there.[25]

In his 90s, Zamperini continued to attend USC football games, and he befriended star quarterback Matt Barkley in 2009.[26]

Zamperini appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on June 7, 2012, speaking about his life in general, the 1936 Olympics, and his World War II exploits.[27]

Death

His death had mistakenly been announced previously, when the US government classified him as killed in action. President Franklin D. Roosevelt even sent Zamperini's parents a formal condolence note in 1944.[31]

Zamperini's death came 70 years later, from pneumonia, on July 2, 2014, in Los Angeles, at home, aged 97.[28][29][30]

Media

Biographies & memoirs

Zamperini wrote two memoirs about his experiences, both bearing the same title, Devil at My Heels, but with different co-authors and content.[31][32]

Author Laura Hillenbrand[33] wrote a biography of Zamperini entitled A World War II Story of Survival, Resilience, and Redemption (2010) and published by Random House, was a #1 New York Times bestseller.[34] It was named the top nonfiction book of 2010 by Time Magazine.[35]

Film

The book Unbroken was adapted into the film Unbroken by the Coen brothers. It was directed by Angelina Jolie, and starred Jack O'Connell as Zamperini.[36]

The first film covered the time up to Zamperini's return from the war; a sequel, Path to Redemption, covers Zamperini's recovery from his abuse as a POW. It was directed by Harold Cronk, released in September 2018, with Samuel Hunt portraying Zamperini.

In 2015 the Billy Graham organization released a 30-minute documentary, Captured by Grace. The film details Zamperini's faith, to which he credited his "unbroken" status.

In popular culture

Zamperini features as a character in the 2012 novel Flight from Berlin by David John, published by Harper Collins.[37]

Legacy and awards

  • USAAF Decorations
{{Ribbon devices|number=2|type=oak|ribbon=United States Army and U.S. Air Force Presidential Unit Citation ribbon.svg|width=106}}
{{Ribbon devices|number=|type=oak|ribbon=Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=1|type=oak|ribbon=Purple Heart ribbon.svg|width=106}}
number=3|type=oak|ribbon=Air_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}number=|type=service-star|ribbon=Prisoner_of_War_ribbon.svg|width=106}}number=|type=service-star|ribbon=American Defense Service Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
number=3|type=service-star|ribbon=Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_ribbon.svg|width=106}}number=|type=service-star|ribbon=World War II Victory Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}number=1|type=service-star|ribbon=Phliber_rib.png|width=106}}
Presidential Unit Citation
Bombardier Badge
Distinguished Flying CrossPurple Heart with one oak leaf cluster
Air Medal with three oak leaf clustersPrisoner of War MedalAmerican Defense Service Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with three service starsWorld War II Victory MedalPhilippine Liberation Medal with one service star
  • A race at Madison Square Garden was named the Louis Zamperini Invitational Mile.[28]
  • On 7 December 1946, Torrance Airport was named Zamperini Field after him.[28][38][39]
  • Zamperini was a torchbearer for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles and the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano.[28]
  • Torrance High School’s home football, soccer, and track stadium was named Zamperini Stadium, and the entrance plaza at USC’s track & field stadium was named Louis Zamperini Plaza in 2004.
  • On 10 May 2008, Zamperini was awarded the Ellis Island Medal of Honor by the National Ethnic Coalition of Organizations.
  • In October 2008, Zamperini was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame in Chicago, Illinois.
  • On 24 April 2011, Zamperini received an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters from Azusa Pacific University.
  • On 20 May 2011, Zamperini delivered Bryant University’s 2011 baccalaureate address and received Bryant’s inaugural Distinguished Character Award.
  • On 21 May 2011, Bryant University presented Zamperini with an honorary degree, Doctor of Humane Letters.
  • On 22 May 2011, Zamperini threw out the ceremonial first pitch before the Red Sox-Cubs game at Fenway Park in Boston.
  • In late July 2011, Zamperini received the Kappa Sigma Golden Heart Award during the Kappa Sigma 68th Biennial Grand Conclave held at the Flamingo Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.[40]
  • In May 2011, Zamperini was guest of honor at Magellan Christian Academy’s graduation ceremony with over 700 attendees at the University of North Florida in Jacksonville, Florida. Thomas and Lorrie Blitch, owners of Magellan Christian Academy, were so moved after reading about his life, they asked him to speak at their private Christian school graduation ceremony. Zamperini’s presentation was so inspirational that he received a 10 minute standing ovation.
  • He was chosen to serve as Grand Marshal of the 2015 Rose Parade, held before the college football playoff game in his home state of California.[39][41] After Zamperini’s death on 2 July 2014, the Tournament announced that it is "committed to honoring him as the Grand Marshal of the 2015 Rose Parade".[42] At the parade, Zamperini's family followed USC mascot Traveler as a riderless horse.[43]
  • In the fall of 2015, Zamperini was named as the exemplar for the United States Air Force Academy Class of 2018 for his character and courage in service to his country in the United States Army Air Force.

See also

{{Portal|Biography|Christianity}}
  • Four-minute mile

Notes

{{notelist}}

Citations

1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.veteranmuseum.org/b24-memorial.html |department=Veterans Museum & Memorial Center Air Garden |title=B24 memorial honoring the personnel who crewed and supported the B-24 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130416061006/http://www.veteranmuseum.org/b24-memorial.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |df=dmy-all |website=Veteranmuseum.org |access-date=3 September 2012}}
2. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Berkow, Ira |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/04/arts/louis-zamperini-olympian-war-survivor-unbroken-dies.html |title=Louis Zamperini, Olympian and Unbroken war survivor, dies at 97 |newspaper=The New York Times |department=Obituary |date=3 July 2014}}
3. ^{{cite web |author1=Gjerde, Arild |author2=Heijmans Jeroen |author3=Mallon, Bill |author4=Evans, Hilary |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/za/lou-zamperini-1.html |title=Lou Zamperini Bio, Stats, and Results |series=Olympics |website=Sports Reference |access-date=15 May 2014}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web |author1=Evans, Hilary |display-authors=etal|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/za/lou-zamperini-1.html |title=Lou Zamperini Bio |website=Sports-Reference.com |access-date=28 December 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web |author=Segal, Elizabeth |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/summer03/F_Zamperini.html |title=The great Zamperini |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105180343/http://www.usc.edu/dept/pubrel/trojan_family/summer03/F_Zamperini.html |archive-date=5 November 2006 |work=USC News |date=Summer 2003 |access-date=3 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web |author=Hillenbrand, Laura |url=http://www.runnersworld.com/elite-runners/great-zamperini |title=The great Zamperini |website=Runners’ World |date=20 December 2010}}
7. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Berkow, Ira |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/15/sports/track-and-field-not-yet-ready-for-his-last-mile.html |title=Not yet ready for his last mile |newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 February 2003 |access-date=3 September 2012}}
8. ^{{cite web |author=Lawson, Hank |url=http://www.prepcaltrack.com/ATHLETICS/TRACK/stateres.htm |title=California State Meet Results - 1915 to present |website=prepcaltrack.com |date=25 December 2012}}
9. ^{{cite magazine |author=McKnight, Michael |url=https://www.si.com/longform/peacock/index.html |title=Faster than the fastest |magazine=Sports Illustrated |access-date=28 December 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web |author=Hymans, Richard |url=http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/OlympicTrials/HistoryOfTheOlympicTrials.pdf |title=The History of the United State Olympic Trials – Track & Field |website=usatf.org |date=2008 |access-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
11. ^Hilton (2011) p. 65
12. ^{{cite magazine |author=Price, Rita |url=http://www.franklincountyohio.gov/vets/assets/pdf/journalWinter2006.pdf |title=A veteran’s story |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314184620/http://www.franklincountyohio.gov/vets/assets/pdf/journalWinter2006.pdf |archive-date=14 March 2012 |magazine=Franklin County Veterans Journal |format=PDF |date=7 November 2006 |access-date=3 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}
13. ^Hillenbrand (2010) p. 35
14. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/louis-zamperini-1 |title=Louis Zamperini |series=ABC Special Broadcast |access-date=26 February 2013}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.torranceca.gov/21838.htm |title=Zamperini |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023162638/http://www.torranceca.gov/21838.htm |archive-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=City of Torrance, California |access-date=3 September 2012 |df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web |last1=Kurz |first1=Herbert |title=The Green Hornet |url=http://b-24-thegreenhornet.weebly.com/the-green-hornet.html |publisher=George Kurz |accessdate=6 Dec 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web |author=Hillenbrand, Laura |url=http://laurahillenbrandbooks.com/interactive-map/ |title=Louie’s journey |website=laurahillenbrandbooks.com |year=2010 |access-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
18. ^1 2 {{cite web |author=Simon, Bob |url=http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/louis-zamperini-2 |title=Louis Zamperini – Adrift in the Pacific |series=60 Minutes |year=1998 |access-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Gustkey, Earl |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/feb/19/sports/sp-20790 |title=Former track star, POW, doesn't get closure at 81 in his return to Japan |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=19 February 1998 |access-date=27 July 2011}}
20. ^{{cite news |author=Rosen, James |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/12/24/olympian-runner-hero-wwii-honored-anew/ |title=Olympian runner, hero of WW II is honored anew |publisher=Fox News |date=24 December 2010 |df=dmy-all}}
21. ^{{cite book |title=Unbroken |last=Hillenbrand |first=Laura |publisher=Random House |date=16 November 2010 |location=New York, NY |df=dmy-all}}
22. ^Hillenbrand (2010) p. 171
23. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.cbn.com/tv/1422057738001 |title=Unbroken’s Louis Zamperini: The rest of the story |website=CBN |access-date=9 March 2015 |df=dmy-all}}
24. ^Hillenbrand (2010) p. 397
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://usembassy.state.gov/germany/zamperini.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070313001119/http://usembassy.state.gov/germany/zamperini.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2007-03-13 |title=Louis Zamperini returns to Berlin after 69 years |publisher=U.S. Department of State |series=Press release |date=10 March 2005 |df=dmy-all}}
26. ^{{cite web |author=Fellenzer, Jeff |url=http://www.latimes.com/sports/college/usc/la-spw-barkley-q-and-a30-2009oct30,0,1462557.story |dead-url=yes |title=There is no goal that USC’s Matt Barkley won't pursue |work=Los Angeles Times |date=29 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101122737/http://www.latimes.com/sports/college/usc/la-spw-barkley-q-and-a30-2009oct30%2C0%2C980791%2Cfull.story |archive-date=1 November 2009 |df=dmy-all}}
27. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/video/hulu/vi1887216153/ |title=Tonight Show with Jay Leno |website=IMDb |access-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
28. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite newspaper |author1=Chawkins, Steve |author2=Thursby, Keith |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-louis-zamperini-20140704-story.html#page=1 |department=Obituary |title=Louis Zamperini dies at 97; Olympic track star and WWII hero |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=3 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
29. ^{{cite news |author=Bloom, Tracy |url=http://ktla.com/2014/07/03/louis-zamperini-war-hero-chosen-as-2015-rose-parade-grand-marshal-dies-at-97/ |title=Louis Zamperini, war hero chosen as 2015 Rose Parade Grand Marshal, dies at 97 |publisher=KTLA.com |department=Obituary |date=3 July 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
30. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Emery, Debbie |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/wwii-hero-unbroken-subject-louis-716524 |title=WW II hero, Unbroken subject Louis Zamperini dies at 97 |newspaper=Hollywood Reporter |date=3 July 2014 |df=dmy-all}}
31. ^{{cite book |author1=Zamperini, Louis |author2=Itria, Helen |title=Devil at My Heels: The story of Louis Zamperini |publisher=E.P. Dutton and Company |year=1956 |ASIN=B0018KCZFE}}
32. ^{{cite book |author1=Zamperini, Louis |author2=Rensin, David |title=Devil at My Heels: A World War II hero’s epic saga of torment, survival, and forgiveness |publisher=William Morrow |year=2003 |ISBN=978-0-06211-885-1}}
33. ^{{cite web |author=Hillenbrand, Laura |url=http://www.seabiscuitonline.com/author.asp |department=Author biography |title=Laura Hillenbrand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091205010545/http://www.seabiscuitonline.com/author.asp |archive-date=5 December 2009 |website=Seabiscuitonline.com |date=3 September 2012}}
34. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Cowles, Gregory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/inside-the-list.html |title=Inside the List |newspaper=The New York Times |date=18 November 2011}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2035319,00.html |title=The Top 10 Everything of 2010 |magazine=Time |access-date=3 September 2012}}
36. ^{{cite newspaper |author=Rottenberg, Josh |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-ca-sneaks-miyavi-unbroken-20141102-story.html |title=Japanese rock singer Miyavi makes debut in Unbroken |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=31 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.earlyword.com/hcbuzz-summer-2012/flight-from-berlin/ |title=Flight from Berlin |department=Book review |website=EarlyWord.com |date=7 December 2014}}
38. ^{{cite media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvXnjctXD4Y |title=History of Zamperini Field/Torrance Airport |medium=video |publisher=YouTube |access-date=28 December 2014}}
39. ^1 {{cite news |author=Lloyd, Jonathan |url=http://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/Rose-Parade-Grand-Marshal-258614401.html?_osource=SocialFlowFB_LABrand |title=War hero, former Olympian Louis Zamperini named Rose Parade Grand Marshal |publisher=NBCUniversal |date=9 May 2014}}
40. ^{{cite news |author=Dryman, Derald |url=http://kappasigma.org/brother-zamperinis-incredible-story-focus-of-unbroken-movie/ |title=Brother Zamperini’s incredible story focus of Unbroken movie |newspaper=The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma |date=24 December 2014}}
41. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-28149957 |title=Olympic runner and WW2 prisoner Louis Zamperini dies |department=Obituary |publisher=BBC News |date=3 July 2014}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://tournamentofroses.com/News/NewsDetail/tabid/132/article/201849/THE-TOURNAMENT-OF-ROSES-EXPRESSES-OUR-HEARTFELT-SYMPATHY-TO-THE-FAMILY-OF-LOUIS-ZAMPERINI.aspx |title=The Tournament of Roses Expresses our heartfelt sympathy to the family of Louis Zamperini |publisher=Pasadena Tournament of Roses Association |date=3 July 2014}}
43. ^http://news.usc.edu/72869/riderless-horse-traveler-to-honor-louis-zamperini-at-rose-parade/

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{cite book |author-link=Laura Hillenbrand |author=Hillenbrand, Laura |title=Unbroken: A World War II story of survival, resilience, and redemption |location=New York, NY |publisher=Random House |year=2010 |ISBN=978-0-81297-449-2}}
  • {{cite book |author=Hilton, Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B047AwAAQBAJ |title=Hitler’s Olympics: The 1936 Berlin Olympic Games |location=Troud, Gloucestershire, UK |publisher=The History Press |year=2011 |ISBN=978-0-75247-538-7}}
  • {{cite book |author=Lobb, Charles |title=Torrance Airport |location=Charleston, South Carolina |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |year=2006 |ISBN=978-0-7385-4662-9}}
  • {{cite book |author1=Zamperini, Louis |author2=Itria, Helen |title=Devil at My Heels: The story of Louis Zamperini |publisher=E.P. Dutton and Company |year=1956 |ASIN=B0018KCZFE}}
  • {{cite book |author1=Zamperini, Louis |author2=Rensin, David |title=Devil at My Heels: A World War II hero’s epic saga of torment, survival, and forgiveness |location=New York, NY |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |year=2003 |ISBN=978-0-06211-885-1}}
  • {{cite book |author1=Zamperini, Louis |author2=Rensin, David |title=Don’t Give Up, Don't Give In: Lessons from an extraordinary life |location=New York, NY |publisher=Dey Street Books |year=2014 |ISBN=978-0-06236-833-1}}
{{Refend}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • {{official website|http://www.zamperini.org}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.mickmel.com/blog/201101/a-timeline-of-louis-zamperinis-journey/ |title=A stop-by-stop timeline of Louis Zamperini’s journey}}
  • {{cite web |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OralHistory/OHZamperini.pdf |series=Interview |department=Oral History |title=Zamperini}}
  • {{Find a Grave |132269800 |accessdate=10 August 2016}}
{{Footer USA Track & Field 1936 Summer Olympics}}{{Billy Graham}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamperini, Louis}}

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