“Peter Sturm”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Josef Michel Dischel (24 August 1909 – 11 May 1984), known by his adopted stage name Peter Sturm, was an Austrian and an East German actor.

Biography

Early life

Dischel^[1]^[2] was born into a religious Jewish family in Vienna. His father was a tailor, originally from the Polish regions of the Habsburg Empire, and died in 1915. His mother was born in Hungary.^[1]

Dischel had taken up an apprenticeship as a textile merchant, but abandoned it.^[2] He then decided to become an actor, and began taking drama lessons from renowned Austrian performer Raoul Aslan. While studying, he worked as a radio mechanic.^[2] After completing his studies, he assumed the stage name Peter Sturm. He joined the Social Democratic Party of Austria when he was nineteen years old, and later turned to an active member of the Communist Party of Austria, that was declared illegal by Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss. In 1935, he was convicted of high treason and condemned to two and a half years in prison. Sturm eventually served eighteen months, in the Stein an der Donau prison^[2] and in the Wöllersdorf detention camp.^[3] In 1936, subsequent to his release, he joined the cast of Brettl am Alsergrund, a political, left-leaning kabarett in Vienna's Alsergrund district, that was managed by Leon Askin and commonly known as Das ABC Kabarett.^[4]^[5] The actor was one of the cabaret's three declared communists, alongside Jura Soyfer and Robert Klein-Lörk.^[6]

Holocaust

In May 1938, after the Anschluss, Sturm was arrested and sent to the Dachau concentration camp. In August, he was transferred to the Buchenwald concentration camp,^[2]^[7] where he was held in the same barrack with actor Fritz Grünbaum.^[8] He was registered as an Austrian political prisoner.^[9] In April 1939, Sturm was released from Buchenwald and allowed to leave Germany. He emigrated to Italy, spending three months in Milan. Then, he illegally crossed the border into France, settling in Marseilles. After the Second World War broke out in September, he was interned in the Camp des Milles, where he acted in the camp's makeshift theater. On 27 June 1941, shortly after France surrendered to Germany, the camp's residents were to be evacuated on a train to Bayonne. Sturm managed to escape. He lived in Marseilles until August 1942, when he was deported to the Drancy internment camp, from which he was sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp.^[10]^[11] He was held in the Blechhammer sub-camp, where he was forced to serve as a barber. Occasionally, when the guards authorized it, he participated in theater evenings.^[12] In January 1945, the prisoners were evacuated to Buchenwald in a death march. Sturm survived it and wrote an account on the march shortly after arriving in Buchenwald.^[13] He joined the camp's communist underground organization. While in Buchenwald, he was a member of the building detachment headed by Robert Siewert.^[14] During the Holocaust, his mother was murdered in Auschwitz.^[2] Buchenwald was liberated on 11 April 1945.

Later years

Sturm returned to Vienna, where he resumed his acting career and worked as a radio presenter. He appeared regularly on the stage of the Theater in der Josefstadt, and later joined the cast of the New Theater in the Scala^[15] in the city's Wieden district, then in the Soviet-administrated zone. The theater, opened in 1948, was founded by communist exiles who returned to Austria after the end of the war. Sturm made his debut on screen in the 1956 film adaptation of the operetta Gasparone. During the same year - after the Soviet withdrawal from Austria left it without financial and political support - the Scala had to be closed.^[16] With several other fellow actors from the theater, Sturm left Vienna and emigrated to the German Democratic Republic, settling in East Berlin.^[15] There, director Wolfgang Langhoff took him into the Deutsches Theater, in which he remained a member of the regular cast.^[17]^[18] In 1960, he performed the role of August Rose, a Buchenwald prisoner who betrays his friends, in a television production based on Bruno Apitz's novel Naked Among Wolves. On 30 March 1961 Sturm was awarded the Art Prize of the German Democratic Republic.^[19]^[20] In 1963, when he was requested to play August Rose once more for Frank Beyer's film remake of the series, Apitz and Beyer had to convince him to agree.^[21] Sturm was badly depressed by the work on Naked Among Wolves, and became very ill after the filming ended.^[22] He was involved in the commemoration of Buchenwald's victims until his departure.^[14]

Sturm had a long career as an actor with DEFA and DFF in East Germany, appearing in more than fifty cinema and television productions.

Filmography

References

1. ^Helga Schwarz-Stötzer. Mit Leib und Seele: 25 Porträts bekannter Schauspieler der DDR. Berliner Verlag (1990). {{ISBN|978-3-86020-013-1}}. pp. 195-196.
2. ^Kay Weniger. Zwischen Bühne und Baracke: Lexikon der verfolgten Theater-, Film- und Musikkünstler 1933–1945. Metropol (2008). {{ISBN|978-3938690109}}. p. 331.
3. ^Evelyn Deutsch-Schreiner. Karl Paryla: Ein Unbeherrschter. Verlag O. Muller (1992). {{ISBN|3-7013-0834-9}}. p. 86.
4. ^The cabaret was originally housed in a building located in Café City, at the corner of the Alsergrund's Porzellangasse and Berggasse. ABC stood for the initials of 'Alsergrund, Brettl, City'. In 1935, Das ABC moved to Arkaden Cafe, in Universitätstraße 3. See: Hilde Haider-Pregler, Beate Reiterer (editors). Verspielte Zeit. Österreichisches Theater der dreißiger Jahre. {{ISBN|978-3-85452-402-1}}. p. 240.
5. ^Horst Jarka. Jura Soyfer: Leben, Werk, Zeit . Locker (1987). {{ISBN|978-3-85409-117-2}}. p. 253.
6. ^Jürgen Doll. Theater im Roten Wien. Bohlau (1997). {{ISBN|978-3-205-98726-0}}. p. 276.
7. ^Gertrude Schneider. Exile and Destruction: The Fate of Austrian Jews, 1938-1945. Praeger (1995). {{ISBN|978-0-275-95139-9}}. p. 170.
8. ^Marie-Therese Arnbom, Christoph Wagner-Trenkwitz. Grüß mich Gott! Brandstätter (2005). ASIN B00005V8X2. p. 79.
9. ^Erich Fein, Karl Flanner. Rot-Weiss-Rot in Buchenwald: die österreichischen politischen Häftlinge im Konzentrationslager am Ettersberg bei Weimar, 1938-1945. Europaverlag (1987). {{ISBN|978-3-203-50982-2}}. p. 295.
10. ^¹Centre dʹétudes et de recherches autrichiennes. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fU31Wabt1EQC&pg=PA31&dq=michel+dischel+peter+sturm&hl=en&ei=7BS4Ta7jBMyFhQfL3eSNDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=michel%20dischel%20peter%20sturm&f=false Austriaca, n°19 - Ecrivains autrichiens exilés en France]. Université de Rouen (November 1984). ISSN 0396-4590. p. 31.
11. ^Serge Klarsfeld. Memorial to the Jews deported from France, 1942-1944: documentation of the deportation of the victims of the Final Solution in France. Beate Klarsfeld Foundation (1983). ASIN B0000EE3SR. p. 263.
12. ^Claude Winkler-Bessone, Jean-Marie Winkler. Les camps d'internement français, 1939-1942 : témoignages d'un dessinateur autrichie. Publications de l'Université de Rouen (2000). {{ISBN|978-2-87775-290-9}}. p. 35.
13. ^Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit bi-Yerushalayim). Antisemitism, Volume 10, Part 2. K.G. Saur Verlag, 1999. {{ISBN|978-3-598-23707-2}}. p. 1361.
14. ^¹Thomas Heimann. Bilder von Buchenwald. Böhlau (2005). {{ISBN|3-412-09804-3}}. pp. 82-84, 192-194.
15. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶International Dachau Committee. [https://books.google.com/books?ei=W2zBTvK-AZPU4QSj_Lm2BA&ct=result&id=x9aBAAAAIAAJ&dq=josef+dischel+peter+sturm&q=josef+dischel#search_anchor Dachauer Hefte: Volume 11]. Verlag Dachauer Hefte (1995). ISSN 0257-9472. p. 66.
16. ^Beside taking up a communist and a pro-Soviet line, the Scala also openly defied the ban imposed on Bertolt Brecht's plays in Vienna. Journalists Friedrich Torberg and Hans Weigel, both fierce opponents of the playwright, were calling for the theater's closure since the early 1950s. See: Carmen R Köper. Ein unheiliges Experiment: Das neue Theater in der Scala (1948-1956) Löcker (1995). {{ISBN|978-3-85409-252-0}}.
17. ^Horst Kessler, Fred Staufenbiel (editors). Theater der Zeit: Volume 39, Issues 1-6. Verband der Theaterschaffenden der DDR (1984). ISSN 0040-5418. p. 67.
18. ^Katholische Filmkommission für Deutschland. Film-Dienst, Issues 1-9. Katholisches Institut für Medieninformation (2004). ISSN 0720-0781. p. 15.
19. ^Hans Blaimer. Kultur in unserer Zeit. Zur Theorie und Praxis der sozialistischen Kulturrevolution in der DDR. Dietz Verlag (1965). ASIN B003TWC1H6. p. 431.
20. ^Erika Tschernig, Monika Kollega, Gudrun Müller. Unsere Kultur: DDR-Zeittafel, 1945-1987. Dietz Verlag (1989). {{ISBN|978-3-320-01132-1}}. p. 121.
21. ^Thomas Beutelschmidt, Rüdiger Steinlein. Realitätskonstruktion: Faschismus und Antifaschismus in den Literaturverfilmungen des DDR-Fernsehens. Leipziger Universitätsverlag (2004). {{ISBN|978-3-937209-78-4}}. p. 35.
22. ^Martina Thiele. Publizistische Kontroversen über den Holocaust im Film. {{ISBN|3-8258-5807-3}}. p. 244.