| 词条 | Petras Cvirka |
| 释义 |
| image = | imagesize = 200px | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1909|3|12}} | birth_place = Klangai | death_date = {{death date and age|1947|5|2|1909|3|12}} | death_place = Vilnius | signature = Petras Cvirka signature.png }}Petras Cvirka (March 12, 1909, Klangai, Kovno Governorate – May 2, 1947, Vilnius) was a Lithuanian author of several novels, children's books, and short story collections. He wrote under a variety of noms de plume: A. Cvingelis, Cezaris Petrėnas, J. K. Pavilionis, K. Cvirka, Kanapeikus, Kazys Gerutis, Klangis, Klangis Petras, Klangių Petras, L. P. Cvirka, Laumakys, P. Cvinglis, P. Cvirka-Rymantas, P. Gelmė, P. Veliuoniškis, Petras Serapinas, and S. Laumakys.[1] His works have been translated into Belarusian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, English, Estonian, Hungarian, Latvian, Polish, Romanian, and Uzbek.[2] BiographyCvirka attended an art school in Kaunas between 1926 and 1930. However, after graduation he drifted away from visual arts to literature.[3] He began publishing poetry in 1924 and studied literature in Paris during 1931 and 1932. He translated 9 books and 34 shorter works from French into Lithuanian.[4] Later in the decade he travelled to Moscow, Leningrad, and western Europe. He joined the Communist Party in 1940 and supported Lithuania's incorporation into the Soviet Union.[2] In 1941, following the outbreak of war between Germany and the Soviet Union, he moved to Alma-Ata and then Moscow, joining the Union of Writers of the USSR. Returning to Lithuania in 1944, he went on to serve as chairman of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic's Writer's Union and as editor of the journal Pergalė (Victory). After Cvirka's death in 1947, the Soviet authorities erected a monument to his memory in Vilnius. This monument became the object of controversy after the restoration of independence in 1990 due to Cvirka's pro-communist activities. There were calls for its removal.[6] WorksCvirka's works combine biting commentary on social issues with keen feelings for the natural world.[7] His works are also known for their wit and strong dialogue.[8] The novel Meisteris ir sūnūs depicts the folk art of Lithuania in a new way. It incorporates plentiful folkloric and ethnographic details of Lithuanian village life and attempts to translate rich oral traditions into the written medium.[9] A prominent example of socialist realism, the novel Žemė maitintoja depicts an ideal new socialist man. The protagonist is a young, non-religious, determined farmer, who received his land as a result of the land reform when estates of former nobility were divided among the poor. He has no emotional attachment to his land, rather perceiving the economic benefits of collective farming. This is an example of a person who needs to be created by communism. The two-volume Frank Kruk is a satirical novel about Pranas Krukelis, a Lithuanian immigrant to the United States who Americanizes his name to Frank Kruk. Krukelis engages in criminal activity and exploits other Lithuanian immigrants.[12] A theatrical adaptation was staged in Klaipėda in 2003; Vytautas Paukštė received the Lithuanian National Prize for his portrayal of Kruk.[1][2] Cvirka was the first writer to address the Lithuanian partisans – anti-Soviet guerrilla fighters – in the short story Pabučiavimas, one of his last works.[15] Selected bibliography
References1. ^{{cite web|title="Frank Kruk" Klaipėdoje|publisher=culture.lt|url=http://www.culture.lt/7md/?kas=straipsnis&leid_id=545&st_id=1761|accessdate=2009-12-20|language=lt}} [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]2. ^{{cite journal|title=Tarp laureatų daugėja šiuolaikinio meno atstovų|url=http://archyvas.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.nrfull/47600464aea3e| journal=Veidas| date=2007-12-12 |issue=50 |first=Renata |last=Baltrušaitytė|language=lt}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|title=Petras Cvirka 1909–1947 |url=http://www.antologija.lt/texts/47/autor.html |publisher=Institute of Lithuanian Scientific Society | work=Lithuanian Classical Literature Anthology |accessdate=2009-12-14}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal| title=III: The New Lithuanian Literature |first=Benys |last=Babrauskas |journal=Books Abroad |issue=29 |volume=2 |date=Spring 1955 |page=147 |url=}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://atminimas.kvb.lt/asmenvardis.php?asm=CVIRKA%20PETRAS |title=Cvirka Petras |publisher=Kauno apskrities viešoji biblioteka |work=Žymūs Kauno žmonės: atminimo įamžinimas |accessdate=2009-12-14|language=lt}} 6. ^1 {{cite book| title=Lost and Found: The Discovery of Lithuania in American Fiction |first= Aušra |last=Paulauskienė |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rqtIbHwRRKkC&pg=PT155 |publisher=Rodopi |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-420-2266-9 |series=Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://www.lituanus.org/1990_4/90_4_06.htm |title=Folklore in Lithuanian Literature |first=Bronius |last=Vaškelis |journal=Lituanus |volume=4 |issue=36 |date=Winter 1990 |issn=0024-5089}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=University Library Opens Exhibit Honouring Lithuanian Writer Cvirka|url=http://www.mruni.eu/en/naujienos/detail.php?el=50296§ion=1660 |publisher=Mykolas Romeris University |accessdate=2009-12-14}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal| url=http://www.ceeol.com/aspx/getdocument.aspx?logid=5&id=8b28bcbf0ab445af80ab1c39f4f71ec0 | page=94 |title=Lithuanian code: Captures of history in Vilnius cityscapes |journal =Informacijos mokslai |issn=1392-0561 |first=Viktorija |last=Žilinskaitė |year=2008 |issue=45}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |journal=Aidai |title=Okupuotosios Lietuvos literatūra |first=Jonas |last=Aistis |url=http://www.aidai.us/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6642&Itemid=451 |pages=133–135 |date=March 1959 |volume=3 |issue=118|language=lt}} 11. ^1 {{cite journal| title=Contemporary Lithuanian Literature |first=A. |last=Vaičulaitis |journal=Books Abroad |issue=14 |volume=2 |date=Spring 1940 |page=137}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal| url=http://www.xxiamzius.lt/numeriai/2006/09/06/laikzmon_02.html |title=Garsių Lietuvos rašytojų antrieji pašaukimai |first=Andrius |last=Teišerskis |date=2006-09-06 |journal=XXI amžius |volume=66 |issue=1466 |language=lt}} }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cvirka, Petras}} 15 : 1909 births|1947 deaths|People from Jurbarkas District Municipality|People from Kovno Governorate|Lithuanian novelists|Lithuanian poets|Lithuanian short story writers|Lithuanian children's writers|Socialist realism writers|Lithuanian communists|Lithuanian-language writers|20th-century novelists|20th-century poets|20th-century short story writers|20th-century Lithuanian writers |
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