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词条 Pharmacy in China
释义

  1. Drug policy

  2. Pharmacy schools and programs

  3. Counterfeit drugs

  4. Online & mail-order pharmacy

  5. Museums

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

Unaffordable medications are a hole in the Chinese safety net. This forces workers to save as much as possible in order to weather family medical emergencies, which acts to depress domestic consumption, leaving no alternative to the traditional unsustainable export and investment driven economic model.[1]

Drug policy

China has implemented a National Essential Drug Policy.[2]

Pharmacy schools and programs

There are three universities in mainland China specializes in the pharmaceutical sciences and pharmaceutical industry:

  • China Pharmaceutical University
  • Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
  • Guangdong Pharmaceutical University

Counterfeit drugs

Figures in China report almost 200,000 persons are said to have died in 2001 as a consequence of having taken counterfeit drugs.[3]

There are major difficulties for patients accessing expensive pharmaceuticals which encourage smuggling and even home manufacture. The state healthcare system does not cover many drugs, and for those that are covered there is a 30% copayment. The approval process is slow and bureaucratic. Only 100 new drugs were approved between 2001 and 2016 by the China Food and Drug Administration. Once approved drugs have to be accepted on to the National Reimbursement Drug List to qualify for coverage. Prices are much higher than in other Asian countries. [4]

Online & mail-order pharmacy

{{main|Mail Order Pharmacy}}The online pharmacy in China began in 2005. By the end of 2008, only 10 online pharmacy obtained permission to sell the OTC drugs,[5] versus 639 in January, 2017.[6] Not only the number, but also the sales are booming. Thus, the China Food and Drug Administration conducted a pilot reform to admit three businesses using their third-party platform to retail drugs online with the B2C mode since 2013, which has been ended by August, 2016 accounting for to some extent difficulty in its regulation.[7]

Museums

  • The Museum of Huqingyutang Chinese Pharmacy

See also

  • Chinese Pharmaceutical Association
  • Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
  • Collaborating Centre on International Drug Monitoring in Uppsala
  • Department of Essential Drugs and Medicines
  • Evidence-based pharmacy in developing countries
  • Essential medicines
  • Good pharmacy practice
  • India's National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research
  • List of pharmacy associations
  • List of World Health Organization Essential Medicines
  • Pharmaceutical industry in China
  • State Food and Drug Administration
  • Public health in China
  • Pharmaceutical policy, national pharmaceuticals policy
  • Pharmacies of Norway, for a country comparison
  • Pharmacy Council of India
  • Pharmacy
  • National Formulary
  • Universities Allied for Essential Medicines

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-23670744|title=China drug costs: The human price|work=BBC News}}
2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Xiao|first1=Y|title=Implementation Of National Essential Drug Policy: Analysis From A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective / 复杂适应系统理论视角下国家基本药物制度的实施分析|journal=Chinese General Practice|year=2011|volume=14|issue=5A|pages=1419–1421|url=http://www.futurehealthsystems.org/publications/implementation-of-national-essential-drug-policy-analysis-fr.html|accessdate=26 May 2012|display-authors=etal}}
3. ^GPHF NEWS II / 2003
4. ^{{cite news |title=In China, Desperate Patients Smuggle Drugs. Or Make Their Own. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/11/business/china-drugs-smuggled-homemade.html |accessdate=22 December 2018 |publisher=New York Times |date=11 November 2018}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tech.qq.com/a/20081209/000023.htm|title=国家药监局：全国只有10家网上药店合法|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/dir.html|title=国家食品药品监督管理局：企业查询 (in Chinese)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2016-08/01/c_129195821.htm|title=互联网第三方平台售药试点结束 后续经营需获资格证书 (in Chinese)|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
  • A History of Pharmacy in Pictures College of Pharmacy, Washington State University
  • China World List of Pharmacy Schools, International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080302043448/http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/public/0109/pharmacies.html Reaching China's Middle Class Through Retail Pharmacies] - China Business Review, 2001
  • Zhu, Yi-Zhun., Zhou, FangMing., Lu, Wei-Yue., Ye, DeYong. and ZHENG, HaiAn. "A Comparison Study between Independent and University-affiliated Pharmacy Schools in China -- Does University Setting Benefit Pharmacy Education?" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Sheraton San Diego Hotel & Marina, San Diego, California, USA, Jul 05, 2006.
  • HC Wang, LY Chen, and AH Lau. "Pharmacy practice and education in the People's Republic of China". 1993 The Annals of Pharmacotherapy: Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 1278–1282.
  • GJ Liu. Hospital pharmacy practice in the People's Republic of China. (1982) American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Vol 39, Issue 9, 1487–1490
  • Chen Zongmin. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081004060208/http://www.ajpe.org/legacy/ajpe_metaview.asp?ID=801 The development of higher pharmaceutical education in China's reform]", Institute of Pharmaceutical Education, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu. American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Spring 1998.
  • Qian Cai, J. Warren Salmon. "What Role May Pharmacoeconomics Play in Pharmaceutical Pricing and Reimbursement in China?" Journal of Pharmaceutical Finance, Economics & Policy (Volume 4 Number 1, 2005)

Further reading

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080528085017/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/hah/6.1/liping.pdf Professional Code or Legal Sanctions: Pharmacy in China] by Du Liping, University of Melbourne (Health & History, 2004. 6/1: 87–96)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906200537/http://www.pjonline.com/Editorial/20011222/christmas/hongkong.html Pharmacy in Hong Kong] The Pharmaceutical Journal Vol 267 No 7179 p911-936; 22–29 December 2001
  • Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in Developing Countries{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
  • Public health development of China, Shandong Statistical Bureau
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004060203/http://www.ajpe.org/legacy/ajpe_metaview.asp?ID=518 An important task of the 21st century: Strengthening international exchange and cooperation in pharmaceutical education] Zongmin, Chen, Na, Li, Taikang, Huang. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Vol. 64, No. 2 (2000)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722002940/http://www.ajpe.org/legacy/pdfs/aj640414.pdf Integrating R&D with Manufacturing and Pharmaceutical Education in China] Wang Qiang, Shi Zhixiang, and Chen Zongmin. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Vol. 64, No. 4 (2000)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004060432/http://www.ajpe.org/legacy/ajpe_metaview.asp?ID=932 The Teaching Contents and Methods of International Pharmaceutical Business] Ma Aixia. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Vol. 65, No. 3 (2001)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20081004060147/http://www.ajpe.org/legacy/ajpe_metaview.asp?ID=1073 Deepening the Reform of Higher Pharmaceutical Education for the 21st Century] Xiaoming Wu. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Vol. 64, No. 3 (2000)
Pharmacovigilance
  • Wang Yue et al. [https://archive.is/20130128183933/http://iospress.metapress.com/content/r4k7xv2454h20761/ Regional pharmacovigilance practice in China] The International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine Volume 20, Number 1-2 / 2008 pp. 51–56
  • Zhou Yibing et al. An Overview of Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring in China International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Volume 20, Number 2, 2006, pp. 79–85(7)
//Pharmacoeconomics">Pharmacoeconomics
  • Pharmacoeconomics and Outcome Research in China, Professor Shanlian Hu. MD. MSc., School of Public Health, Fudan University, ISPOR 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference, March 6, 2006.
  • Liu G.G.; Liu C. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606160304/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/adis/pdr/2003/00000001/00000003/art00003;jsessionid=52iijv67sg9oi.alice?format=print Potential Expanded Use of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research in China] Pharmaceutical Development and Regulation, Volume 1, Number 3, 2003, pp. 169–177(9)
  • Liu Bao Peng; Chong Qing Tan; Xiao Min Wan; Cui, Wei. "Cost-Utility Analysis in China: Differences and Difficulties Compared with Developed Countries". PharmacoEconomics, Volume 25, Number 7, 2007, pp. 619–619(1)

External links

  • China Association of Chain Drug Stores
  • Chinese Pharmaceutical Association Committee on Professional Hospital Pharmacy
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080702213704/http://www.phr.com.cn/ Clinical Pharmacy Network in China]
  • WinPharm
  • yxbj.com
  • China Pharmacy Network
  • Chinese Pharmacy Network
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715160212/http://www.rcvagroup.com/images/mmr_china.pdf China: Where East Meets West] China's pharmacy chain drug stores, RCVA Group
  • Modernized Chinese Medicine International Association (MCMIA)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20040109221044/http://www.weibiao.cn/ BeiJing WEIBIAO Center For Drug Standard Research Development]
  • China to Improve Standards of Pharmacy Degrees for Overseas Students (Xinhua; July 26, 2007)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080513163956/http://www.australianprescriber.com/magazine/26/6/128/30/ The quality and safety of traditional traditional Chinese medicines] (Aust Prescr 2003;26:128-30)
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090109141622/http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/dqi/fakeAntimalarialsinChina.pdf Fake Anti-malarials found in Yunnan Province, China] USP, Drug Quality and Information Program
Chinese pharmaceutical policy
  • Chinese Pharmaceutical Policy Studies - WHO Health Systems and Services, Medicines and Health Technologies
International conferences
  • The 7th Asian Conference on Clinical Pharmacy{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} July 2007, Shanghai
  • 67th International Congress of FIP World Congress of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408031530/http://www.industrialpharmacy.org/beijing2007/introduction.html Industrial Pharmacy section]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20071206065302/http://193.13.86.21/curriculum.php Pharmaceutical Curriculum Development: An evolutionary or a revolutionary process?] Pre-PSWC2007 Workshop (April 21, 2007)
People
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080526161035/http://pharmacy.umich.edu/morenews/college/john_liu/bridge_builder.html CELEBRATED BRIDGE–BUILDER PASSES ON, BUT LIFE WORK CONTINUES] Guo-jie John Liu, MSPharm'50: January 9, 1915 – March 21, 2006 (University of Michigan College of Pharmacy)
  • White paper: 150,000 people in China obtain pharmacist's qualifications Xinhua 2008-07-18
Comparative study
  • China / European Union: Overview of Community Pharmacy
{{Health in the People's Republic of China|state=expanded}}{{Asia topic|Pharmacy in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Pharmacy In China}}

2 : Pharmacy in China|Industry in China
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