| 词条 | Lower middle class |
| 释义 |
In developed nations across the world, the lower middle class is a sub-division of the greater middle class. Universally the term refers to the group of middle class households or individuals who have not attained the status of the upper middle class associated with the higher realms of the middle class, hence the name.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] == United States =={{Main|American middle class}} In American society, the middle class may be divided into two or three sub-groups. When divided into two parts, the lower middle class, also sometimes simply referred to as "middle class", consists of roughly one third of households, roughly twice as large as the upper middle or managerial class. Common occupation fields are semi-professionals, such as lower-level managers, small business owners and skilled craftsmen. These individuals commonly have some college education or perhaps a Bachelor's degree and earn a comfortable living. Already among the largest social classes, rivaled only by the working class, the American lower middle class is diverse and growing.[10][11] Though not common in sociological models, the middle class may be divided into three sections in vernacular language usage. In this system the term lower middle class relates to the demographic referred to as working class in most sociological models. Yet some class models, such as those by sociologist Leonard Beeghley, suggest the middle class to be one cohesive socio-economic demographic, including the demographics otherwise referred to as lower, simply middle or upper middle class in one group comprising about 45% of households.[12] Social class in the US at a glance{{Main|Social class in the United States}}{{Social class in the US}}Usage in popular cultureThe lower-middle class is frequently portrayed in television and film. Notable examples include the television shows The Simpsons, Malcolm in the Middle, Married... with Children, 2point4 children, The Middle, Family Guy, Family Matters and Veronica Mars as well as films such as Lady Bird and Soul Food. See also
References
1. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/national/20050515_CLASS_GRAPHIC/index_01.html |title=New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=15 May 2005 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 2. ^{{cite news|last=Brooks |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/opinion/18brooks.html |title=New York Times |work=The New York Times |date=17 November 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 3. ^{{cite news|author=Decca Aitkenhead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/oct/20/britishidentity.socialexclusion1 |title=Class rules |work=The Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=23 November 2011 |date=19 October 2007}} 4. ^{{cite news|author=Andy Beckett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jul/24/middle-class-in-decline-society |title=Is the British middle class an endangered species? |work=The Guardian |location=London |accessdate=23 November 2011 |date=24 July 2010}} 5. ^{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Reed |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/la-ca-africanamerican31-2009may31,0,7855305.story |title=Los Angeles Times |work=Los Angeles Times |date=31 May 2009 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/economics/2010/08/19/much-of-indian-middle-class-is-almost-poor/ |title=Wall Street Journal |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=19 August 2010 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 7. ^{{cite news|last=Weisman |first=Jonathan |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704094104575143951112969586 |title=Wall Street Journal |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=26 March 2010 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 8. ^{{cite news|last=Connors |first=Will |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704515904576076622892749928 |title=Wall Street Journal |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=18 January 2011 |accessdate=23 November 2011}} 9. ^{{Harvnb|Felski|2000|34}}. 10. ^{{Harvnb|Gilbert|2008}}. 11. ^{{Harvnb|Thompson|Hickey|2004}}. 12. ^Beeghley, L. (2004). The Structure of Social Stratification in the United States. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, Pearson.
|last= Bailey |first= Peter |year= 1999 |title= White Collars, Gray Lives? The Lower Middle Class Revisited |journal= Journal of British Studies |volume= 38 |number= 3 |pages= 273–290 |jstor= 176057 |ref= harv |doi=10.1086/386195}}
|last= Felski |first= Rita |authorlink= Rita Felski |year= 2000 |title= Nothing to Declare: Identity, Shame, and the Lower Middle Class |journal= PMLA |volume= 115 |number= 1 |pages= 34–45 |jstor= 463229 |ref= harv }}
|last= Gilbert |first= Dennis L. |year= 2008 |title= The American Class Structure in an Age of Growing Inequality |edition= 7th |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |publisher= Pine Forge Press |isbn= 978-1-412-95414-3 |ref= harv }}
|last1= Marx |first1=Karl |last2=Engels |first2=Friedrich |author1-link= Karl Marx |author2-link= Friedrich Engels |year= 1969 |origyear= 1848 |chapter= Manifesto of the Communist Party |chapterurl= http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm |title= Marx/Engels Selected Works, Volume I (pp. 98–137) |location= Moscow |publisher= Progress Publishers |ref= harv }}
|last= Mayer |first= Arno J. |authorlink= Arno J. Mayer |year= 1975 |title= The Lower Middle Class as Historical Problem |journal= The Journal of Modern History |volume= 47 |number= 3 |pages= 409–436 |jstor= 1876000 |ref= harv |doi=10.1086/241338}}
|last1= Thompson |first1= William E. |last2= Hickey |first2= Joseph V. |year= 2004 |title= Society in Focus |edition= 5th |location= London |publisher= Pearson |isbn= 978-0-205-41365-2 |ref= harv }}
|last= Wiener |first= Jonathan M. |authorlink= Jon Wiener |year= 1976 |title= Marxism and the Lower Middle Class: A Response to Arno Mayer |journal= The Journal of Modern History |volume= 48 |number= 4 |pages= 666–671 |jstor= 1880197 |ref= harv |doi=10.1086/241489}}{{Refend}}{{Social class}} 1 : Middle class |
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