| 词条 | Philomycidae |
| 释义 |
| image =Megapallifera_mutabilis.jpg | image_caption = A live individual of Megapallifera mutabilis in the wild | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Sigmurethra | superfamilia = Arionoidea | familia = Philomycidae | familia_authority = Gray, 1847[1] | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = See text | synonyms = Tebennophoridae Morse, 1864 }} Philomycidae are a family of air-breathing land slugs (snails without shells or with only shell remnants). They are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Arionoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). The family Philomycidae has no subfamilies. DistributionSlugs in this family are found in China, Japan, the East Indies, central and eastern North America, and through Central America into northern South America. AnatomyMembers of this family most obviously differ from related slugs in that their mantles are broadly rounded, and very large, covering the entire body. (In mollusks, the mantle consists of the tissues that normally generate the shell. Being mostly or entirely without shells, most slugs have reduced mantles.) Pilsbry (1948) stated that "the enormously developed mantle, the large empty shell sac, and the insertions of the free retractor muscles along the margins of the foot cavity, instead of dorsally as in the Arionidae are special to the Philomycidae".[2]A further anatomical oddity of the group, shared with certain helicid and zonitid snails, is their creation and use of calcareous love darts during mating.[2][3] In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 30 (according to the values in this table).[4] GeneraGenera within the family Philomycidae include:
CladogramA cladogram based on sequences of cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) genes showing phylogenic relations of genera in the family Philomycidae by Tsai & Wu (2008)[5] (simplified): {{Clade|1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1= Meghimatium |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1={{Clade |1= Philomycus |2= Pallifera |2= Megapallifera |2= Arion }} }} }} |2= Deroceras }} }} }}Arion and Deroceras were used as outgroup.[5] References1. ^Gray J. E. (November 1847). A list of genera of Recent Mollusca, their synonyma and types. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 15: 129-182. Philomycidae is on the page 170. 2. ^1 Pilsbry H. A. (1948). "Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico)". Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, 2(2): 748-750. 3. ^Örstan A. (2005). "The dissection selection: Philomycus carolinianus". Snail's Tales. 4. ^Barker G. M. (2001). Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology. in Barker G. M. (ed.): [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlvX-9Wt0toC&hl The biology of terrestrial molluscs]. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, {{ISBN|0-85199-318-4}}. 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142. 5. ^1 2 Tsai C.-L. & Wu S.-K. (2008). "A New Meghimatium Slug (Pulmonata: Philomycidae) from Taiwan". Zoological Studies 47(6): 759-766. PDF. External links{{Commons category|Philomycidae}}
3 : Philomycidae|Taxa named by John Edward Gray|Gastropod families |
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