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词条 Philosophical razor
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

In philosophy, a razor is a principle or rule of thumb that allows one to eliminate ("shave off") unlikely explanations for a phenomenon, or avoid unnecessary actions.[1]

Razors include:

  • Occam's razor: Simpler explanations are more likely to be correct; avoid unnecessary or improbable assumptions.
  • Grice's razor: As a principle of parsimony, conversational implications are to be preferred over semantic context for linguistic explanations.[2][3]
  • Hanlon's razor: Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity.[4]
  • Hume's razor: "If the cause, assigned for any effect, be not sufficient to produce it, we must either reject that cause, or add to it such qualities as will give it a just proportion to the effect."[5][6]
  • Hitchens's razor: "What can be asserted without evidence can be dismissed without evidence."
  • Newton's flaming laser sword: If something cannot be settled by experiment or observation, then it is not worthy of debate.[7]
  • Popper's falsifiability principle: For a theory to be considered scientific, it must be falsifiable.
  • Sagan standard: Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.

See also

  • Abductive reasoning
  • Duck test
  • Explanatory power
  • {{slink|Marcello Truzzi|"Extraordinary claims"}}
  • Razor (disambiguation)
  • Zebra (medicine)

References

1. ^{{cite web |last1 = Garg |first1 = A. |date = 17 May 2010 |title = Occam's razor |url = http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html |work = A.Word.A.Day |accessdate = 2014-02-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140309141027/http://wordsmith.org/words/ockhams_razor.html# |archive-date = 2014-03-09 |dead-url = no |df = }}
2. ^{{cite journal |last=Hazlett |first=A. |year=2007 |title=Grice's razor |journal=Metaphilosophy |volume=38 |issue=5 |page=669 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9973.2007.00512.x}}
3. ^{{cite web |title = Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Implicature |url = https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/ |work = Implicature, 5. Gricean Theory |accessdate = 2016-12-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161211042732/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/implicature/# |archive-date = 2016-12-11 |dead-url = no |df = }}
4. ^{{cite web |title = Hanlon's Razor |url = http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html |work = The Jargon File 4.4.7 |accessdate = 2014-02-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110430025318/http://catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/H/Hanlons-Razor.html# |archive-date = 2011-04-30 |dead-url = no |df = }}
5. ^{{cite book |last=Miles|first=M. |year=2003 |title=Inroads: Paths in Ancient and Modern Western Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iA8ZQX4jyHoC&pg=PA543&lpg=PA543&source=bl&ots=_5pdzt8_pi&sig=W6L-TpRfdvHkKmEPpXM7Ydfoy70&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t1ENU871KaSHygGE7oDIBg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&f=false |page=543 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0802037442}}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Forrest |first1=P. |chapter=Counting the cost of modal realism |editor1-last=Preyer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Siebelt |editor2-first=F. |year=2001 |title=Reality and Humean Supervenience: Essays on the Philosophy of David Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0QCcG99otoC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&source=bl&ots=ZqIJ_fPN02&sig=JkLuN09jqMtOZKfraOUsxt7XB6Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=t1ENU871KaSHygGE7oDIBg&ved=0CCYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&f=false |page=93 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |series=Studies in Epistemology and Cognitive Theory |isbn=978-0742512016}}
7. ^{{cite journal |author=Mike Alder |year=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url=http://www.philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword |journal=Philosophy Now |volume=46 |issue= |pages=29–33 |doi= |access-date=2018-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204031512/https://philosophynow.org/issues/46/Newtons_Flaming_Laser_Sword# |archive-date=2017-12-04 |dead-url=no |df= }}: Also available as {{cite web |author=Mike Alder |year=2004 |title=Newton's Flaming Laser Sword |url=http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |publisher=University of Western Australia |work=Mike Alder's Home Page |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114041242/http://school.maths.uwa.edu.au/~mike/Newtons%20Flaming%20Laser%20Sword.pdf |archivedate=14 November 2011 }}
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3 : Razors (philosophy)|Arguments|Rhetorical techniques
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