“Pinyin language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Pinyin language

释义

Phonology
Consonants Vowels
References

{{Hatnote|For the Chinese romanisation system and other uses, see Pinyin (disambiguation).}}{{Infobox language
|name= Pinyin
|region=Northwest Region, Cameroon
|speakers={{sigfig|24600|2}}
|date=2001
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam2=Atlantic–Congo
|fam3=Benue–Congo
|fam4=Southern Bantoid
|fam5=Grassfields
|fam6=Eastern
|fam7=Ngemba
|iso3=pny
|glotto=piny1238
|glottorefname=Pinyin
|notice=IPA
}}

Pinyin is a Grassfields language spoken by some 27,000 people in the Northwest Region of Cameroon.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants
Phoneme	Allophones	Environment	Orthography
p	p	{{angle bracket\|p}}
	pʰ	{{angle bracket\|p}}	Before /u/ in an open syllable.
	b	After /ɴ̩/.	{{angle bracket\|b}}
	β	Between vowels within a root.	{{angle bracket\|b}}
t	t	t}}
k	k	Beginning of words and of roots within words, and after /ɴ̩/.	k}}
k	ʔ	Only C found at ends of words.	’}}
kʷ	kʷ	kw}}
l	l	In roots.	l}}
	ɾ	In suffixes.	r}}
	d	After /ɴ̩/.	d}}
ɣ	ɣ	ɡh}}
ɣ	ɡ	After /ɴ̩/.	ɡ}}
ɣʷ	ɡʷ	After /ɴ̩/.	ɡw}}
f	f	f}}
s	s	/ts/ after /ɴ̩/.	s}}
ts	ts	/ts/ after /ɴ̩/.	ts}}
z	z	{{angle bracket\|z}}
z	dz	{{angle bracket\|z}}	After /ɴ̩/.
ʃ	ʃ	/tʃ/ after /ɴ̩/.	sh}}
tʃ	tʃ	/tʃ/ after /ɴ̩/.	ch}}
ʒ	ʒ	zh}}
ʒ	dʒ	After /ɴ̩/.	j}}
m	m	m}}
n	n	n}}
ɲ	ɲ	ny}}
ŋ	ŋ	ŋ}}
N̩	m̩ n̩ ŋ̍	Homorganic with following C. Carries tone.	m}}, {{angle bracket\|n}}
w	w	w}}
ɥ	ɥ	ẅ}}
j	j	y}}

Sequences are:

py (mby), ly (ndy), ty, ky, ngy, my, kẅ, ngẅ (= {{IPA|/kʷj, ɡʷj/}})

pw (mbw), lw (ndw), tw, tsw, chw, shw, sw, zw, zhw, nw, nyw, ŋw

All noun and verb roots begin with a consonant; initial vowels are necessarily prefixes. Only {{IPA|/a, ɨ/}} occur in prefixes or at the beginning of words, and only {{IPA|/ə/}} occurs in suffixes. {{IPA|/ɨ, y/}} do not occur at the ends of words.

Vowels

Vowels
Phoneme	Orthography
i	i
y	ʉ
ɛ	e
a	a
ɔ	o
u	u
ə	ə
ɨ	ɨ

All known long vowels may occur medially or at ends of words, none at the beginning, though long {{IPA|/ɛ, y/}} are not attested. Long vowels are written double: aa, əə, ii, ‿ɨɨ, oo, uu. Diphthongs ie, iə, ʉə, ɨə, uə take a single tone.

Tones are high, mid, low, rising, falling. They are written as in IPA, apart from low, which is not written: á ā a ǎ â. Falling tone is largely confined to suffixes, and rising tone is rare, found only on a few nouns such as tǎ 'father'.

References

The Pinyin Orthography Guide ({{sm|Njeck}} Mathaus {{sm|Mbah}} & Stephen C. Anderson, 2005)

2 : Grassfields Bantu languages|Languages of Cameroon

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