| 词条 | Piotr Śmietański |
| 释义 |
| name = Piotr Śmietański | image = Sergeant Piotr Śmietański (UB).jpg | image_size = 180px | alt = Piotr Śmietański | caption = Piotr Śmietański [1] | birth_date = {{Birth date|1899|06|27}} | birth_place = Zawady village, modern Poland, son of Anna and Władysław | death_date = {{Death date|1950|02|23}} | citizenship = Polish | other_names = | known_for = State Security Services (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) | occupation = Executioner }}Staff Sergeant Piotr Śmietański (born 27 June 1899 in Zawady village son of Anna and Władysław – died probably on 23 February 1950),[2][3] was a non-commissioned officer of the communist secret police Urząd Bezpieczeństwa and one of the main executioners in Stalinist Poland.[4] Śmietański was stationed at the Mokotów Prison in the Warsaw borough of Mokotów ({{lang-pl|Więzienie mokotowskie}}) known also as Rakowiecka Prison located at 37 Rakowiecka Street. From World War II until the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989, Mokotów Prison – where Śmietański conducted his deeds – was a place of detention, torture and execution of the Polish anti-communist opposition.[4] BiographyŚmietański joined the Communist Party of Poland in 1923, using the pseudonym Mojżesz (Moses).{{sfn|Hermański|Wróblewski|2012|loc=Kat z Mokotowa, p. 512 (3 in PDF)}} Śmietański – nicknamed by the inmates as the "Butcher of the Mokotow Prison" – executed personally and supervised the executions of hundreds of opponents of the Stalinist regime in PRL. Among them were prominent politicians, social activists and Polish underground fighters, including Lieutenants Jerzy Miatkowski, Tadeusz Pelak, Edmund Tudruj, Arkadiusz Wasilewski, Roman Gronski, {{nowrap|Capt. Stanislaw}} Lukasik, Comdt. Hieronim Dekutowski (killed by Śmietański in one day, on March 7, 1949).[6] and Adam Doboszyński {{nowrap|(August 29)}}. Those executed after Śmietański's apparent death in 1950 include Major Zygmunt Szendzielarz, Lieutenants Henryk Borowski, Antoni Olechnowicz, Lucjan Minkiewicz (February 8, 1951), Capt. Stanisław Sojczyński, {{nowrap|Lt. Antoni}} Wodyński from AK, and countless others,[5] including victims of the notorious March 1, 1951 Mokotów Prison execution, who were given five consecutive death sentences each.[6] Brig. General Emil August Fieldorf was hanged rather than shot as a {{nowrap|humiliation.[7][10][8]}} The head of the Mokotów Prison, Alojzy Grabicki, was sometimes present at the executions.[8] The victims' dead bodies – often undressed and placed in empty cement bags – were wheeled out at night and buried in unmarked graves, leveled out afterwards in the vicinity of different Warsaw cemeteries: in Służew (till mid 1948), the Mokotów and the Powązki cemeteries, or in open fields, in around Pola Mokotowskie, Kabacki forest and Okęcie.[9] On May 25, 1948,[4][10] Śmietański personally executed Witold Pilecki,[11] the founder of the Secret Polish Army and prominent member of the Armia Krajowa, famous for his daring mission to the Auschwitz concentration camp.[12][13] Śmietański is believed to have been paid 1,000 Polish złoty for each execution he carried out, a substantial amount of money under Stalinism. According to historians Szymon Hermański and Tomasz Wróblewski some pieces in Nasz Dziennik and Najwyższy Czas! falsely claimed he had emigrated to Israel in 1968, that he was born in the 1920s, was purposefully not listed in the population registry, and was possibly still alive in Israel. However he died from tuberculosis in the Korczak sanatorium on 23 February 1950 and was buried in Bródno Cemetery 4 days later.{{sfn|Hermański|Wróblewski|2012|loc=Kat z Mokotowa, p. 522 (13 in PDF)}} In 2003 the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) launched an investigation in order to establish the whereabouts of Piotr Śmietański, with the intention of interviewing him about the remains of Pilecki. They found out that all personal data pertaining to Śmietański was earlier removed from official government records, including from archives of the Ministry of Defence, and the Prison Services. The investigation was halted in 2004.[14] Historian Jacek Pawłowicz from IPN in his 2008 book about Pilecki claimed that Śmietański died of tuberculosis at the age of 50 in the year of his last known Mokotów executions.[3]{{clear left}} Notes and references1. ^Photograph of Piotr Śmietański was first published in photo anthology by Jacek Pawłowicz, Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki 1901–1948, published by Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2008–2009, Warsaw, {{ISBN|978-83-60464-97-7}}. Press release. {{pl icon}} 2. ^{{cite web |url= http://katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl/showDetails.do?idx=%C5%9A&katalogId=2&subpageKatalogId=2&pageNo=1&nameId=12103&osobaId=20804& |title=Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej |first= |last=Polish Office of Births and Deaths|work=katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl |year=2011 |accessdate=31 May 2011}} 3. ^1 Piotr Śmietański: Dane osoby z katalogu funkcjonariuszy aparatu bezpieczeństwa. Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej, 2007 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Scigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu. Source: J. Pawłowicz, Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki 1901-1948, Warsaw 2008, p. 26, 265. {{pl icon}} 4. ^1 2 Tadeusz M. Płużański, "Strzał w tył głowy." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511075317/http://www.asme.pl/108568087951913.shtml |date=2012-05-11 }} Publicystyka Antysocjalistycznego Mazowsza. 2010. 5. ^The Doomed Soldiers. Polish Underground Soldiers 1944-1963 - The Untold Story. DoomedSoldiers.com 6. ^The Doomed Soldiers. An Account of interrogation methods. Polish Underground Soldiers 1944-1963. The Untold Story. DoomedSoldiers.com {{en icon}} {{pl icon}} 7. ^1 Józefa Huchlowa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eEBpAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Piotr+%C5%9Amieta%C5%84ski%22&dq=%22Piotr+%C5%9Amieta%C5%84ski%22&hl=en&ei=trLrTMmNFoWksQOovbSwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ Zrzeszenie "Wolność i Niezawisłość" w dokumentach], Zarzad Główny WiN, 2000, 420 pages. {{ISBN|83-902803-7-X}}. Page 407. {{pl icon}} 8. ^1 Małgorzata Szejnert, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OjEZAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Piotr+%C5%9Amieta%C5%84ski%22&dq=%22Piotr+%C5%9Amieta%C5%84ski%22&hl=en&ei=trLrTMmNFoWksQOovbSwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA Śród żywych duchów], Aneks Publishers, London, 1990, 261 pages. {{ISBN|0-906601-81-9}}. Page 63. {{pl icon}} 9. ^1 Płużański, 2010. "Strzał w tył głowy." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511075317/http://www.asme.pl/108568087951913.shtml |date=2012-05-11 }} Available also via the Internet Archive at: Tadeusz M. Płużański, {{cite web|url=http://www.asme.pl/108568087951913.shtml |title="Strzał w tył głowy" |accessdate=2012-05-11 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218010941/http://www.asme.pl/108568087951913.shtml |archivedate=December 18, 2007 |df= }}, Publicystyka Antysocjalistycznego Mazowsza, 27 May 2004. Quote: "Pluton egzekucyjny to był jeden funkcjonariusz UB [etatowy morderca, starszy sierżant Piotr Śmietański, sądząc z podpisów na protokołach wykonania KS - ledwo piśmienny - red.]." Posted by Krzysztof Pawlak. 10. ^Kon Piekarski, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vE8peELRUVcC&pg=PA249&dq=%22Witold+Pilecki%22&cd=8#v=onepage&q=%22Witold%20Pilecki%22&f=false Escaping Hell: The Story of a Polish Underground Officer], Dundurn Press, 1989, 254 pages. {{ISBN|1-55002-071-4}}. Page 249. Google Books. 11. ^Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA379&dq=%22Witold+Pilecki%22&cd=13#v=onepage&q=%22Witold%20Pilecki%22&f=false Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression.] The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, 858 pages. {{ISBN|0-674-07608-7}}. Page 379. 12. ^{{harvnb|Piekarski|1990|p=249}} 13. ^{{harvnb|Wyman|1976|p=1148}} 14. ^Marcin Austyn, "Oprawca rotmistrza Pileckiego "zniknał" z ewidencji" (PDF), {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818165749/http://iskry.pl/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=4267 |date=2011-08-18 }} Nasz Dziennik, 14 January 2009. Source: Niezależny Serwis Informacyjny Further reading
7 : Ministry of Public Security (Poland) officials|1899 births|1950 deaths|Polish executioners|Polish communists|20th-century deaths from tuberculosis|People from Warsaw West County |
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