| 词条 | Place names in China | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Place names in China primarily refers to Han Chinese names, but also to those used by China's minorities. OriginsIn his study of place-names in China, J. E. Spencer notes that "although Chinese names indicate both domestic cultural and geographical influences, they almost never indicate cultural influence from other parts of the world",[1] a tendency that also appeared to be characteristic of Chinese place-names in Singapore.[2] Tibetan, Mongolian, Uighur and tribal minorities of China's names are phonetically transcribed into Chinese.[3] In Chinese grammarNames for places in China, when referred to in Chinese contain a class identifier. In English this is often translated, while the rest of the name is not. The class identifier in Chinese is placed at the end, in English with the exceptions of mountains and lakes the identifier is placed at the end too. For names of lakes and mountains "X Lake" [4] / "Lake X" and "X Mountain" / "Mount X" both is used. Some mountain ranges like Tian Shan are referred to English by the Chinese name. "Tian" means sky or heaven and "Shan" means mountain(s), so Tian Shan literally translates as the "Heaven Mountains". List of class namesE = English, C = Chinese, P = Pinyin
DirectionsChinese reckon five directions:
From the early concept of yin and yang (阴 and 阳), originally based upon exposure to the sun, many placenames also incorporate them. Old Luoyang was located on the north bank of the Luo. Old Hanyang was located on the north bank of the Han, while the eponymous county seat of Hanyin was located on the south bank. When a placename is derived from a mountain, however, these positions are reversed: the yang side is the mountain's south face and the yin side its north. References1. ^{{cite book |last=Spencer |first=Joseph Earle |title=Chinese Place Names and the Appreciation of Geographic Realities |year=1941 |page=77}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Yeoh |first=Brenda S. A. |title=Contesting Space in Colonial Singapore: Power Relations and the Urban Built Environment |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/23179 |oclc=868218855 |date=2013 |page=232}} 3. ^{{cite journal |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |volume=38| issue=2 |year=1994 |pages=222 |title=Important New Sources for the Study of Tibetan Geography: An Analysis of a Recent Chinese County Place Name Index of Dzamthang in Eastern Tibet|first= Karl E. |last=Ryavec |jstor=41927981}} 4. ^http://www.mwr.gov.cn/english1/20040802/38171.asp - Ministry of Water Resources 3 : Names of places in China|Chinese language|Lists of placename etymologies |
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