| 词条 | Planulozoa |
| 释义 |
| image = Animalia_diversity.jpg | image_caption = Diversity of planulozoans | regnum = Animalia | subregnum = Diploblast | unranked_phylum = Planulozoa | subdivision_ranks = Phyla | subdivision = *CnidariaBilateria/Triploblasts (unranked)
| unranked_phylum_authority = Wallberg et al., 2004 | unranked_superphylum = ParaHoxozoa }}Planulozoa is a proposed basal ParaHoxozoa clade, conventionally as sister of the Placozoa. It contains the Cnidaria (sea anemones and jellyfish) and the Bilateria (all the more complex animals including flatworms, insects and vertebrates). The Placozoa may be a sister of Cnidaria[1][2][3][4] or more conventionally of Planulozoa.[5] The clade excludes basal animals such as the Ctenophora (comb jellies),[6][7][8] and Porifera (sponges).[9][10][11] The phylogenetic tree indicates approximately how many millions of years ago ({{em|mya}}) the lineages split.[12][13][14] Planulozoa are associated with the emerge of the Zoc and ZF-NC gene domains.[15] {{Clade |style = font-size:80%; line-height:80%|label1=Choanozoa |sublabel1=950 mya |1={{Clade |1=Choanoflagellata |label2=Animalia |sublabel2=760 mya |2={{Clade |1=Porifera |label2=Eumetazoa |2={{Clade |1=Ctenophora |label2=ParaHoxozoa |2={{Clade |1=Placozoa |label2=Planulozoa |sublabel2=680 mya |2={{Clade |1=Cnidaria |label2=Bilateria |sublabel2=Triploblasts |2={{Clade |1=Xenacoelomorpha |label2=Nephrozoa |sublabel2=650 mya |2={{clade |label1=Deuterostomia |1={{clade |1=Chordata and allies |2=Echinodermata |label2 =Protostomia |sublabel2=610 mya |2={{Clade |1=Ecdysozoa |2=Spiralia }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} References1. ^Aleshin VV, Petrov NB (2002) Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa. Zh Obshch Biol 63(3):195-208 {{Animalia}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q3180528}}{{animal-stub}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Laumer|first=Christopher E|last2=Gruber-Vodicka|first2=Harald|last3=Hadfield|first3=Michael G|last4=Pearse|first4=Vicki B|last5=Riesgo|first5=Ana|last6=Marioni|first6=John C|last7=Giribet|first7=Gonzalo|date=2018-10-30|title=Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias|journal=eLife|language=en|volume=7|doi=10.7554/elife.36278|pmid=30373720|pmc=6277202|issn=2050-084X}} 3. ^{{Cite journal |last=Schuchert |first=Peter|date=1993-03-01 |title=Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has Cells that React with Antibodies Against the Neuropeptide RFamide|journal=Acta Zoologica|volume=74|issue=2 |pages=115–117 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01227.x}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Syed|first=Tareq |last2=Schierwater |first2=Bernd |date=2002-06-01|title=The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model |journal=Senckenbergiana Lethaea |volume=82|issue=1 |pages=315–324 |doi=10.1007/bf03043791|issn=0037-2110}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Eitel|first=Michael|last2=Francis |first2=Warren |last3=Osigus |first3=Hans-Jürgen|last4=Krebs|first4=Stefan |last5=Vargas |first5=Sergio |last6=Blum |first6=Helmut |last7=Williams |first7=Gray Argust |last8=Schierwater |first8=Bernd |last9=Wörheide |first9=Gert |date=2017-10-13 |title=A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/10/13/202119 |journal=bioRxiv |pages=202119 |doi=10.1101/202119}} 6. ^{{cite journal |url=http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1496/1493.full |title=Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B |author1=Andreas Hejnol |author2=Mark Q. 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