| 词条 | Pleistodontes froggatti |
| 释义 |
| image = Pleistodontes froggatti.jpg | image_caption = Pleistodontes froggatti | taxon = Pleistodontes froggatti | display_parents= 2 | authority = Mayr, 1906 | synonyms = Pleistodontes semirucifeps Girault Pleistodontes listzi Girault Pleistodontes mayri Girault[1] }}Pleistodontes froggatti is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligate mutualism with the Moreton Bay Fig, Ficus macrophylla, the species it pollinates.[1] Outside of Australia, populations have become established in Hawaii (where it was deliberately introduced)[2] and New Zealand where it was either accidentally introduced or arrived by long-distance dispersal.[3] DescriptionPleistodontes froggatti is a small wasp. Females are {{convert|3.0|–|3.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} long with black, brown and reddish brown bodies. Males are {{convert|1.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with yellow and orange bodies.[1]TaxonomyThe specific epithet, froggatti, is in honour of Australian entomologist W. W. Froggatt. The first account of the species' biology was written by Froggatt in 1901, who imperfectly identified it as Pleistodontes imperialis. Austrian entomologist Gustav Mayr re-described the species in 1906 and named it in honour of Froggatt.[1] ReproductionFigs have an obligate mutualism with fig wasps, (Agaonidae); figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps can only reproduce in fig flowers. Pleistodontes froggatti can only reproduce in the syconia of its host species, the Moreton Bay Fig, Ficus macrophylla. DistributionFicus macrophylla is native to southeast Queensland, eastern New South Wales and Lord Howe Island, and has been planted widely across the world. Pleistodontes froggatti has been found across most of the range of its host tree in Australia.[1] It also occurs in New Zealand[3] and Hawaii.[2]The Maui Pineapple Company introduced F. macrophylla to its lands in the 1920s. P. froggatti was introduced to Hawaii in 1921[4] and has been recorded from the islands of Hawai{{okina}}i, Lāna{{okina}}i, Kaua{{okina}}i, O{{okina}}ahu and Moloka{{okina}}i.[5] It is also presumed present on Maui, given that F. macrophylla is naturalised on the island.[4] It has also been collected in the Midway Atoll.[6] Pleistodontes froggatti was first recorded in New Zealand in 1993, a {{convert|3,000|km|mi|abbr=on}} journey from its nearest range in Australia. Adult female wasps usually live 2–3 days; there are, on average, 21 days over the course of a year during which it would be possible for make the trip in 1–3 days on air currents. In addition, a female wasp could hitch a ride on an aircraft. After establishing in New Zealand, P. froggatti spread rapidly, making use of widely planted populations of Moreton Bay figs.[3] The arrival of the wasp led to prolific production of fruits containing many small seeds adapted for dispersal by birds. References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal | last = Lopez-Vaamonde | first = Carlos |last2=Dixon |first2=Dale J. |last3= Cook |first3=James M. |last4=Rasplus |first4=Jean-Yves | year = 2002 | title = Revision of the Australian species of Pleistodontes (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) fig-pollinating wasps and their host-plant associations | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 136 | issue = 4 | pages = 637–83 | doi = 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00040.x | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118944298/abstract | archive-url = https://archive.today/20110813114348/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118944298/abstract | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2011-08-13 }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3906633}}2. ^1 Starr F, Starr K, and Loope L. Ficus macrophylla - Moreton bay fig - Moraceae United States Geological Survey--Biological Resources Division Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawai'i, 2003. 3. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last = Gardner | first = Rhys O. | author2 = John W. Early | year = 1996 | title = The naturalisation of banyan figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) in New Zealand | journal = New Zealand Journal of Botany | volume = 34 | pages = 103–10 | url = http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1996/115.php | doi = 10.1080/0028825x.1996.10412697 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080719032605/http://www.rsnz.org/publish/nzjb/1996/115.php | archivedate = 2008-07-19 | df = }} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Evenhuis | first = N. L. |author2=L. G. Eldredge | year = 2000 | title = Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 1999: Part 2: Notes | journal = Bishop Museum Occasional Papers | volume = 64 | pages = 1–63 | url = http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/op64.pdf }} 5. ^{{cite journal | last = Beardsley | first = John W. |author2=William D. Perriera | year = 2000 | title = New Distribution Records for Non-Endemic Hymenoptera (Insecta) in Hawaiʻi | journal = Bishop Museum Occasional Papers | volume = 63 | pages = 21–30 | url = http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/beardsley&perreira00.pdf }} 6. ^{{cite journal | last = Beardsley | first = John W. | year = 1999 | title = Hymenoptera from Midway Atoll| journal = Bishop Museum Occasional Papers | volume = 58 | pages = 37–50 | url = http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pdf/beardsley99.pdf }} 7 : Agaonidae|Pollinator wasps|Hymenoptera of Australia|Insects of Hawaii|Hymenoptera of New Zealand|Taxa named by Gustav Mayr|Insects described in 1906 |
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