| 词条 | Plukenetia volubilis | |
| 释义 |
|image = Plukenetia volubilis.JPG |image_caption = Fruit of Plukenetia volubilis, Ecuador |regnum = Plantae |unranked_divisio = Angiosperms |unranked_classis = Eudicots |unranked_ordo = Rosids |ordo = Malpighiales |familia = Euphorbiaceae |subfamilia = Acalyphoideae |tribus = Plukenetieae |subtribus = Plukenetiinae |genus = Plukenetia |species = P. volubilis |binomial = Plukenetia volubilis |binomial_authority = L. |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref = [1] }}Plukenetia volubilis, commonly known as sacha inchi, sacha peanut, mountain peanut, Inca nut or Inca-peanut, is a perennial plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, having small trichomes on its leaves. It is native to much of tropical South America (Suriname, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and northwestern Brazil), as well as some of the Windward Islands in the Caribbean.[2] It is cultivated commercially in South East Asia, most notably in Thailand. Although its raw seeds and leaves contain toxins, these components are safe for consumption after roasting.[3] DescriptionIn the Amazon Rainforest in Peru, it has been cultivated by indigenous people for centuries, and will grow in warm climates up to altitudes of 1,700 meters (5,500 feet) as long as there is continued availability of water and good drainage. It grows better in acidic soils and alluvial flats near rivers. The plant reaches a height of 2 m (6' 6"), with alternate, heart shaped, serrated leaves, 10 to 12 cm long (4"-4.7") and 8 to 10 cm (3.1-3.9") wide, that have petioles 2–6 cm (0.8-2.3") long. It flowers five months after being planted, and bears seeds around the eighth month. The male flowers are small, white, and arranged in clusters. Two female flowers are located at the base of the inflorescence. In tropical locations it is often a vine requiring support and producing seeds nearly year-round. The fruits are capsules of 3 to 5 cm in diameter with 4 to 7 points, are green and ripen blackish brown. On ripening, the fruits contain a soft black wet pulp that is messy and inedible, so are normally left to dry on the plant before harvest. By two years of age, often up to a hundred dried fruits can be harvested at a time, giving 400 to 500 seeds a few times a year. Fruit capsules usually consist of four to five lobes, but some may have up to seven. Inside are the seeds, oval, dark-brown, 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter and 45 to 100 grams of weight.{{clarify|date=March 2014|reason=the weight is far too much for a seed of that size - is that the mass of the whole pod?}} The cotyledons are open, similar to those of almonds, and covered with a whitish film. Raw seeds are inedible, but roasting after shelling makes them palatable. The seeds of inchi have high protein (27%) and oil (35 - 60%) content, and the oil is rich in the essential fatty acids omega-3 linolenic acid (≈45-53% of total fat content) and omega-6 linoleic acid (≈34-39% of fat content), as well as non-essential omega-9 (≈6-10% of fat content).[4][5] PhytochemicalsWhen raw, P. volubilis seeds and leaves contain appreciable amounts of alkaloids, saponins, and lectins which may be toxic if consumed before cooking, but are degraded by roasting.[3] The edible seed oil is a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids.[5] UsesThe roasted seeds can be consumed as nuts, and roasted leaves chewed or made into a tea.[3] Sacha inchi oil has a mild flavour with a nutty finish and may be appropriate for a variety of cuisines,[3] although when consumed daily after 1 week, some subjects indicated low acceptance for the oil.[10] Rich in alpha-linolenic acid,[5] the oil was evaluated in a 4 month ingestion study (10-15 ml per day) by adults, showing it was safe and tended to increase blood levels of HDL cholesterol.[6] In Peru during 2009, the humanitarian group Oxfam supported techniques for growing sacha inchi as a cash crop by indigenous groups like the Ashaninka.[7] GalleryReferences1. ^{{citation|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-161508|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species|accessdate=22 April 2017}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q958569}}2. ^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal|pmc=6021735|year=2018|last1=Srichamnong|first1=W|title=Safety assessment of Plukenetia volubilis (Inca peanut) seeds, leaves, and their products|journal=Food Science & Nutrition|volume=6|issue=4|pages=962–969|last2=Ting|first2=P|last3=Pitchakarn|first3=P|last4=Nuchuchua|first4=O|last5=Temviriyanukul|first5=P|pmid=29983959|doi=10.1002/fsn3.633}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last=Guillén|first=María D.|author2=Ainhoa Ruiz |author3=Nerea Cabo |author4=Rosana Chirinos |author5=Gloria Pascual |title=Characterization of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil by FTIR spectroscopy and 1H NMR. Comparison with linseed oil|journal=Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society|date=August 2003|volume=80|issue=8|pages=755–762|doi=10.1007/s11746-003-0768-z}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web |author1=Dawn Berkelaar |author2=Tim Motis |title=Inca nut (Plukenetia volubilis) |url=https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/49ab85e7-b41e-40f9-bd35-cc16561473f1 |publisher=ECHO Community |accessdate=30 August 2018 |date=30 October 2015}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal|journal=Food Chem Toxicol|year=2014|volume=65|pages=168–76|doi=10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.039|pmid=24389453|title=A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study on acceptability, safety and efficacy of oral administration of sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in adult human subjects|authors=Gonzales GF, Gonzales C}} 7. ^{{cite journal | title = Looking to Sacha Inchi for their future | last = Hufstader | first = Chris | journal = Oxfam Exchange | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–3 | date = Winter 2009 |url=http://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/stories/looking-to-sacha-inchi-for-their-future/}} 4 : Plukenetieae|Plants described in 1753|Flora of South America|Flora of the Windward Islands |
|
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。