| 词条 | Lumen (website) |
| 释义 |
| name = Lumen | named_after = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | abbreviation = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | formation = 2001 | founder = | founding_location = | extinction = | merger = | type = Web site | status = | purpose = | professional_title = | headquarters = | location = San Francisco, California, United States | coords = | region = | services = | membership = | membership_year = | language = English | sec_gen = | leader_title = Founder | leader_name = Wendy Seltzer | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | website = {{URL|https://www.lumendatabase.org/|lumendatabase.org}} | remarks = | formerly = Chilling Effects | footnotes = }} Lumen, formerly Chilling Effects, is a collaborative archive created by Wendy Seltzer and founded along with several law school clinics and the Electronic Frontier Foundation to protect lawful online activity from legal threats. Lumen is a "project" of the Berkman Klein Center.[1] Its website, Chilling Effects Clearinghouse, allows recipients of cease-and-desist notices to submit them to the site and receive information about their legal rights and responsibilities. InceptionThe archive was founded in 2001 by Internet activists who were concerned that the unregulated private practice of sending cease-and-desist letters seemed to be increasing and was having an unstudied, but potentially significant, "chilling effect" on free speech.{{Citation needed|date = January 2016}} The archive got a boost when Google began submitting its notices to the site in 2002. Google began to do so in response to the publicity generated when the Church of Scientology convinced Google to remove references and links to an anti-Scientology web site, Operation Clambake, in April 2002.[2] The incident inspired vocal Internet users and groups to complain to Google, and links to the Clambake site were restored. Google subsequently began to contribute its notices to Chilling Effects, archiving the Scientology complaints and linking to the archive.[2][3] Starting in 2002, researchers used the clearinghouse to study the use of cease-and-desist letters, primarily looking at Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) 512 takedown notices, non-DMCA copyright issues, and trademark claims.[4][5] On November 2, 2015, Chilling Effects announced its renaming to Lumen,[6] as well as a number of international partnerships. ReceptionCopyright holders complained that by republishing the URLs of infringing content after those URLs were removed from search engines, the database subverted the intent of the DMCA and was "the largest repository of URLs hosting infringing content on the internet."[7] The Copyright Alliance representative has described the project as "repugnant".[8] The critics, in turn, have been labelled by some as "censorship defenders".[8] The site's supporters have commended it for being a major supporter of transparency regarding copyright take-downs.[8] Members
See also{{Portal bar|Freedom of speech|Internet|Law}}
References{{-}}1. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.lumendatabase.org/pages/about | title=About Us | publisher=Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University | work=About Us Page | accessdate=20 September 2017}} 2. ^1 {{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/22/business/new-economy-copyright-dispute-with-church-scientology-forcing-google-some.html?src=pm | title = New Economy; A copyright dispute with the Church of Scientology is forcing Google to do some creative linking. | accessdate = 2011-04-07 | last = Gallagher | first = David | date = April 22, 2002 | publisher = New York Times}} 3. ^Don Marti, "Google Begins Making DMCA Takedowns Public", Linux Journal (2002/4/12) (describing Google's response to the Scientologists and subsequent decision to contribute to ChillingEffects.org). 4. ^J. Urban & L. Quilter, "Efficient Process or 'Chilling Effects'? Takedown Notices Under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act," Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal (March 2006) 5. ^{{Cite web|url = http://fepproject.org/policyreports/WillFairUseSurvive.pdf|title = WILL FAIR USE SURVIVE? Free Expression in the Age of Copyright Control|date = |accessdate = 6 January 2016|website = The Free Expression Policy Project|publisher = National Coalition Against Censorship|last = Heins|first = Marjorie|last2 = Beckles|first2 = Tricia}} 6. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.lumendatabase.org/blog_entries/763 | title = Chilling Effects Announces New Name, International Partnerships | accessdate = November 7, 2015 | date = November 2, 2015}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140317/11355726599/copyright-alliance-attacks-chilling-effects-clearinghouse-argues-dmca-system-with-no-public-accountability.shtml|title=Copyright Alliance Attacks ChillingEffects.org As 'Repugnant,' Wants DMCA System With No Public Accountability|work=Techdirt.}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150112/06545529675/chilling-effects-chilling-effects-as-dmca-archive-deletes-self-google.shtml|title=Chilling Effects On Chilling Effects As DMCA Archive Deletes Self From Google|work=Techdirt.}} External links
9 : Internet-related activism|Internet-based activism|Freedom of expression organizations|Organizations established in 2001|2001 establishments in the United States|Digital Millennium Copyright Act takedown incidents|Scientology and the Internet|Internet censorship|Information society |
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