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词条 Luna programme
释义

  1. Achievements

  2. Other notable missions

  3. Failed missions

  4. Missions

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{For|the active programme|Luna-Glob}}{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
 
 
 
Luna programme:
  • Top: spacecraft Luna 1 and Luna 3
  • Middle: spacecraft Luna 16 and Luna 17
  • Bottom: Locations of Moon landings for Luna (red), Apollo (green), and Surveyor (yellow). Right-side: The first image ever of the far side of the Moon returned by Luna 3.[1]
{{Soviet space program sidebar}}

The Luna programme (from the Russian word Луна "Luna" meaning "Lunar" or "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik or Lunnik by western media, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiter or lander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's chemical composition, gravity, temperature, and radiation.

Twenty-four spacecraft were formally given the Luna designation, although more were launched. Those that failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time, and not assigned a Luna number. Those that failed in low Earth orbit were usually given Cosmos designations.[2] The estimated cost of the Luna programme was about $4.5 billion.

Achievements

Luna 1 (January 1959) missed its intended impact with the Moon and became the first spacecraft to fall into orbit around the Sun.

Luna 2 (September 1959) mission successfully hit the Moon's surface, becoming the first man-made object to reach the Moon.

Luna 3 (October 1959) rounded the Moon later that year, and returned the first photographs of its far side, which can never be seen from Earth.

Luna 9 (February 1966) became the first probe to achieve a soft landing on another planetary body. It returned five black and white stereoscopic circular panoramas, which were the first close-up shots of the Lunar surface.

Luna 10 (March 1966) became the first artificial satellite of the Moon.

Luna 17 (November 1970) and Luna 21 (January 1973) carried the Lunokhod vehicles, which roamed around on the Moon's terrain.

Another major achievement of the Luna programme, with Luna 16 (September 1970), Luna 20 (February 1972) and Luna 24 (August 1976), was the ability to collect samples of lunar soil and return them to Earth. The programme returned 0.326 kg of lunar samples. The Luna missions were the first space-exploration sample return missions to rely solely on advanced robotics.

Other notable missions

Luna 15 (July 1969), also designed to return soil samples from the lunar surface, underwent its mission at the same time as the Apollo 11 mission. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were already on the lunar surface when Luna 15 began its descent, and the spacecraft crashed into a mountain minutes later.

Failed missions

While the programme was active, it was Soviet practice not to release any details of missions which had failed to achieve orbit. This resulted in Western observers assigning their own designations to the missions, for example Luna E-1 No.1, the first failure of 1958 which NASA believed was associated with the Luna programme, was known as Luna 1958A.[3]

NASA identified a spacecraft which it referred to as Luna 1966A as having launched on 30 April 1966, a spacecraft referred to as Luna 1969B as having launched on 15 April 1969, and a spacecraft referred to as Luna 1970B as having launched on 19 February 1970.[3] When details of Soviet launches were later disclosed, no launches of Luna spacecraft were found to have occurred on those dates.[4][5]

Missions

Public name Internal name Mission Launch date Carrier rocket Outcome Remarks
{{small|N/A}} E-1 No.1 Impactor September 23, 1958 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-1 No.2 Impactor October 11, 1958 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-1 No.3 Impactor December 4, 1958 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 1 E-1 No.4 Impactor January 2, 1959 Luna Partial success (missed Moon)}} Also known as Mechta; placed onto incorrect trajectory, flew past the Moon without impacting; first spacecraft to escape geocentric orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-1A No.1 Impactor June 18, 1959 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 2 E-1A No.2 Impactor September 12, 1959 Luna Successful}} Impacted Palus Putredinis (29.10 N, 0.00 E) on the Moon on September 14, 1959 at ~07:30:00 UT. First man-made object to reach the Moon.
Luna 3 E-2A No.1 Flyby October 4, 1959 Luna Successful}} Took first photographs of the far side of the Moon.
{{small|N/A}} E-3 No.1 Flyby April 15, 1960 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-3 No.2 Flyby April 16, 1960 Luna Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-6 No.2 Lander January 4, 1963 Molniya-L Launch failure}} Never left LEO
{{small|N/A}} E-6 No.3 Lander February 3, 1963 Molniya-L Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 4 E-6 No.4 Lander April 2, 1963 Molniya-L Spacecraft failure}} Failed to perform course correction manoeuvre; flew past the Moon
{{small|N/A}} E-6 No.6 Lander March 21, 1964 Molniya-M Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
{{small|N/A}} E-6 No.5 Lander April 20, 1964 Molniya-M Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Kosmos 60 E-6 No.9 Lander March 12, 1965 Molniya-L Launch failure}} Never left LEO, decayed five days later
{{small|N/A}} E-6 No.8 Lander April 10, 1965 Molniya-L Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 5 E-6 No.10 Lander May 9, 1965 Molniya-M Spacecraft failure}} Failed to decelerate; impacted Mare Nubium
Luna 6 E-6 No.7 Lander June 8, 1965 Molniya-M Spacecraft failure}} Failed to perform course correction manoeuvre; flew past the Moon
Luna 7 E-6 No.11 Lander October 4, 1965 Molniya Spacecraft failure}} Attitude control failure; impacted Oceanus Procellarum
Luna 8 E-6 No.12 Lander December 3, 1965 Molniya Spacecraft failure}} Attitude control failure; impacted Oceanus Procellarum
Luna 9 E-6 No.13 Lander January 31, 1966 Molniya-M Successful}} Landed in Oceanus Procellarum (7.08 N, 295.63 E) 18:44:52 UT on February 3, 1966
Kosmos 111 E-6S No.204 Orbiter March 1, 1966 Molniya-M Launch failure}} Never left LEO, decayed two days later
Luna 10 E-6S No.206 Orbiter March 31, 1966 Molniya-M Successful}}
Luna 11 E-6LF No.101 Orbiter August 24, 1966 Molniya-M Successful}}
Luna 12 E-6LF No.102 Orbiter October 22, 1966 Molniya-M Successful}}
Luna 13 E-6M No.205 Lander December 21, 1966 Molniya-M Successful}} Landed in Oceanus Procellarum (18.87 N, 297.95 E) 18:01:00 UT on December 24, 1966
{{small|N/A}} E-6LS No.112 Orbiter February 7, 1968 Molniya-M Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 14 E-6LS No.113 Orbiter April 7, 1968 Molniya-M Successful}}
{{small|N/A}} E-8 No.201 Rover February 19, 1969 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} First attempt to launch Lunokhod. Failed to orbit, Lunokhod destroyed.
{{small|N/A}} E-8-5 No.402 Sample Return June 14, 1969 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 15 E-8-5 No.401 Sample Return July 13, 1969 Proton-K/D Spacecraft failure}} Entered selenocentric orbit successfully, failed during descent on 21 July 1969; impacted the Moon while Apollo 11 was on the surface
Kosmos 300 E-8-5 No.403 Sample Return September 23, 1969 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} Never left LEO, decayed four days later
Kosmos 305 E-8-5 No.404 Sample Return October 22, 1969 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} Never left LEO, decayed two days later
{{small|N/A}} E-8-5 No.405 Sample Return February 6, 1970 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} Failed to orbit
Luna 16 E-8-5 No.406 Sample Return September 12, 1970 Proton-K/D Successful}} Landed in Mare Fecunditatis (0.68 S, 56.30 E) at 05:18:00 UT on September 20, 1970. Sample returned to Earth on September 24, 1970
Luna 17 E-8 No.203 Rover November 10, 1970 Proton-K/D Successful}} Landed in Mare Imbrium (38.28 N, 325.00 E) at 03:47:00 UT on November 17, 1970. Deployed Lunokhod 1
Luna 18 E-8-5 No.407 Sample Return September 2, 1971 Proton-K/D Spacecraft failure}} Entered selenocentric orbit successfully, failed during descent; impacted Mare Fecunditatis (3.57 N, 50.50 E)
Luna 19 E-8LS No.202 Orbiter September 28, 1971 Proton-K/D Successful}}
Luna 20 E-8-5 No.408 Sample Return February 14, 1972 Proton-K/D Successful}} Landed in Mare Fecunditatis (3.57 N, 56.50 E) at 19:19:00 UT on February 21, 1972. Sample returned to Earth on February 25, 1972
Luna 21 E-8 No.204 Rover January 8, 1973 Proton-K/D Successful}} Landed in Le Monnier (25.85 N, 30.45 E) at 23:35:00 UT on January 15, 1973. Deployed Lunokhod 2
Luna 22 E-8LS No.206 Orbiter May 29, 1974 Proton-K/D Successful}}
Luna 23 E-8-5M No.410 Sample Return October 28, 1974 Proton-K/D Spacecraft failure}} Landed in Mare Crisium, fell over upon landing
{{small|N/A}} E-8-5M No.412 Sample Return October 16, 1975 Proton-K/D Launch failure}} Failed to orbit, intended to return a sample from Mare Crisium
Luna 24 E-8-5M No.413 Sample Return August 9, 1976 Proton-K/D Successful}} Landed in Mare Crisium (12.25 N, 62.20 E) at 02:00:00 UT on August 18, 1976. Sample returned to Earth on August 22, 1976

See also

{{Portal|Moon|Spaceflight}}

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/lu3_1.html |title=Earth's Moon – Luna 3, First image of the far side of the Moon |work=NSSDC |type=NSSDC Data Set ID (Photo): 59-008A-01A |date=24 March 2003 |accessdate=22 August 2015}}
2. ^Planetary Spacecraft - Moon Missions (RussianSpaceWeb.com)
3. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/tent_launch.html |title=Tentative IDs |last=Williams |first=David R. |publisher=NASA NSSDC |accessdate=3 August 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt |title=Launch Log |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |publisher=Jonathan's Space Page |accessdate=3 August 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_lunar.html |title=Russia's unmanned missions toward the Moon |last=Zak |first=Anatoly |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb |accessdate=3 August 2010}}

External links

{{Commons category}}{{Luna programme}}{{Moon spacecraft}}{{URSS space probes}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Luna Programme}}

4 : Luna program|Single-stage-to-orbit|Missions to the Moon|Soviet lunar program

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