| 词条 | Polavaram Project | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Polavaram dam | image = Mountains in Godavari.jpg | image_caption = Papi Hills on both sides of Godavari | name_official = | dam_crosses = Godavari River | location = Polavaram, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India | dam_type = Concrete spill way (754 m), Non over flow masonry dam (560 m) & Earth dam (1600 m) | dam_length = {{Convert|2914|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} | dam_height = {{Convert|39.28|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} up to top of earth dam above the lowest river bed. | dam_width_base = | spillway_type = Chute spillway | spillway_capacity = 5,000,000 cusecs at 140 ft msl | construction_began = 2004 | opening = 2019.[1] | status = under construction | cost = | owner = | operator = Andhra Pradesh Irrigation Department | res_name = Polavaram Reservoir | res_capacity_total = 194 tmcft at FRL 150 ft msl | res_capacity_active = 175 tmcft (at 25.4 m msl crest level of spillway) | res_capacity_inactive= 19 tmcft (below 25.4 m msl) | res_catchment = {{Convert|307800|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} | res_surface = {{Convert|600|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | res_max_depth = 32.08 m at FRL 150 ft msl | plant_operator = APGENCO | plant_turbines = 12 × 80 MW Kaplan-type (left bank side) | plant_capacity = 960 MW (under construction)[2] | plant_annual_gen = | plant_commission = | plant_decommission = | location_map = | location_map_caption = | purpose = Irrigation, power and transport | coordinates = {{coord|17|15|40|N|81|39|23|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} | website = http://polavaram.apegov.com/ispp/home | extra = }} Polavaram Project, is an underconstruction multi-purpose irrigation project on the Godavari River in the West Godavari District and East Godavari District in Andhra Pradesh. The project has been accorded national project status by the Union Government of India[3][4] and will be the last to be accorded the status.[5] Its reservoir spreads into parts of Chhattisgarh and Odisha States also.[6][7]. It gives major boost to tourism sector for the state of andhra pradesh as the reservoir covers the famous Papikonda National Park where we can reach from left side navigation channel linked with National Waterway 4. Construction ProgressIn 2010, then Telugu Desam Party chief, Nara Chandra Babu Naidu demanded national status for the Polavaram Project.[8].The Polavaram Project Authority was constituted by the Union Cabinet in May 2014.[9] In June, the state was bifurcated under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act.In December 2017, it was reported that the project contractor, Transstroy was seeking a deadline extension and a budget escalation.[10] Transstroy was reported to have its Rs. 4,300 crore loan turn NPA in July 2015.[11]In January 2018, the state government signed a new contract for the project spillway, spill channel and stilling basin concrete work with Navayuga Engineering.In a review meeting in February 2018, Chief Minister N Chandrababu Naidu was informed that the project was 53% ready.[12]By June 2018, 1,10,355 acres of the required 1,68,213 acres had been acquired.[13]In June, the diaphragm wall was completed and pylon inaugurated.[14]On January 7th, 2019, The Polavaram project in Andhra Pradesh entered the Guinness Book of World Records by pouring 32,100 cubic meters of concrete in 24 hours by Navayuga Engineering. The project beat the existing record of 21,580 cubic meters which was achieved by Abdul Wahid Bin Shabib, RALS Contracting LLC and Alfa Eng. Consultant (all UAE), in Dubai between May 18 and 20 in 2017.[15] Milestone in Project Progress
PurposeNational River-Linking Project, which works under the aegis of the Indian Ministry of Water Resources, was designed to overcome the deficit in water in the country.[19] As a part of this plan, surplus water from the Himalayan rivers is to be transferred to the peninsular rivers of India.[20] This exercise, with a combined network of 30 river-links and a total length of {{convert|14900|km}} at an estimated cost of US$120 billion (in 1999), would be the largest ever infrastructure project in the world.[21] In this project's case, the Godavari river basin[22] is considered as a surplus one, while the Krishna River basin is considered to be a deficit one.[23] As of 2008, 644 tmcft of underutilised water from Godavari River flowed into the Bay of Bengal.[24] But as of 2017 over 3000 tmcft are drained unutilised into Bay of Bengal.[25] Based on the estimated water requirements in 2025, the Study recommended that sizeable surplus water was to be transferred from the Godavari River basin to the Krishna River basin.[23] In July 1941, the first conceptual proposal on the instructions of S. V. Ramamurthy for the project came from the erstwhile Madras Presidency.[26] Later Diwan Bahadur L. Venkatakrishna Iyer, then chief engineer in the Presidency's irrigation department, made the first survey of the project site and made a definitive proposal for a reservoir at Polavaram. Sri Iyer not only visioned cultivation of {{convert|350000|acre}} over two crop seasons through this project, but also planned for a 40 megawatt hydroelectric plant within the project.[27] The entire project was estimated to cost about {{INR}}6.5 crore. The old final designs[28] of Polavaram dam was planned at full reservoir level (FRL) 208 ft MSL (Mean Sea Level) with 836 tmcft gross storage capacity and 150 MW hydroelectric plant. By 1946–47, the estimated cost rose to {{INR}}129 crore. It was named the "Ramapada Sagar Project" since the backwaters of the reservoir would touch the Lord Rama temple at Bhadrachalam.[29] In the old finalised project design by Dr. K.L. Rao, the right bank canal of Polavaram project was extended to south of Krishna River to serve irrigation needs in old Guntur district by envisaging aqueduct across the Krishna River.[30]The project presently under construction is scaled down to FRL {{convert|150|ft|m|0}} MSL. The project cost estimate in 2004 stood at {{INR}}8,261 crore.[31] In 1980, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh T. Anjaiah laid the foundation stone for the project to fulfill the stipulations of Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal agreement.[32] The project is stalled till YSR Reddy in 2004 the then chief minister of AP took the project to work. YSR got the required permissions for the projects before he died.[33] for polavaram project, Site clearance was obtained from the Centre on 19 September 2005, environmental clearance on 25 October 2005, R & R clearance on 17 April 2007, wildlife sanctuary clearance on 19 Sept 2008, forest clearance on 26 Dec, 2008 and technical advisory committee clearance on 20 January 2009. Progress of polavaram hit road block post YSR death.[34] later, Polavaram project is declared as national project through AP special re-org act in 2014.[35] It was made a “national project” by AP reorganisation act 2014. The present Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N Chadrababu Naidu has pushed the project to its last leg — concrete work of the dam, the main component of the project, is under way.[36] After 14 years of initiating the project works, the first major mile stone of completing the 1400 meters long diaphragm wall was achieved in June, 2018 which will lead to the project usage for water supply in incremental stages with the further progress of other works.[37] The project senior officials are confirming that they are confident of supplying water by gravity to the canals from the onset of 2019 monsoon.[38] Alternate siteThe dam could not be taken up for construction during the last century on techno economical grounds. The proposed dam site at Polavaram is located where the river emerges from the last range of the Eastern Ghats into plains covered with deep alluvial sandy strata.[39] At Polavaram, the river width is about 1500 m. In view of large depth of excavation which is more than 30 m deep, to reach hard rock at this dam site, the dam project was not found economical to take up. However a lucrative alternate site is feasible located in upstream of Polavaram site where the river passes through deep gorges of Papi hill range.[40] The width of river is about 300 m only in the rocky gorge stretch. Thirty years back, this alternative was found technologically challenging task to connect the reservoir with the irrigation canals via tunnels across the ghat area. Also costly underground hydro electric station is mandated compared to river bed based hydro electric station. When the project was actually taken up in the year 2004, the old finalised designs at Polavaram site are adopted without re-examining the latest cost of upstream alternate site in view of state of the art construction technology of tunnels and underground hydro electric station. The progress up to the year 2012 in construction of dam structures and the hydro electric station is almost nil.[41] The alternate site located in the gorge stretch is still worth of re-examination to reduce the ever-increasing cost of Polavaram dam. The spillway and non-overflow dam are founded on Khondalite bed rock in Polavaram Project.[40] Khondalites, which are feldspar-rich, often contain soft graphite, hard garnet, etc. in addition to other minerals. Khondalites are highly weathered and hence unsuitable at dam site.[42] Technical detailsThe project reservoir has live storage 75.2 tmcft at canal's full supply level of {{convert|41.15|m|ft|0}} MSL and gross storage 194 tmcft thereby enabling irrigation of 23,20,000 acre (including stabilisation of existing irrigated lands) in Krishna, West Godavari, East Godavari, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam districts of Andhra Pradesh.[31][43] The silt free dead storage water of nearly 100 tmcft above the spillway crest level {{convert|24.5|m|ft|0}} MSL, can also be used in downstream lift irrigation projects (Pattiseema lift, Tadipudi lift, Chintalapudi lift, Thorrigedda lift, Pushkara lift, Purushothapatnam lift, Venkatanagaram lift, Chagalnadu lift, etc.) and Dowleswaram Barrage during the summer months.[44][40][45][46] Chintalapudi lift / Jalleru project will supply water to irrigate most of the highlands in West Godavari and Krishna districts including the existing command area under Nagarjunasagar left canal in AP facilitating 40 tmcft saved Krishna river water for diversion to Rayalaseema from Srisailam reservoir.[44] GoAP announced the decision to construct Purushothapatnam lift irrigation scheme to transfer water at the rate of 3,500 cusecs to Polavaram left bank canal and further pumping at the rate of 1,400 cusecs to Yeleru reservoir for feeding Yeleru canal which is supplying water to Vizag city.[47][48] Uttarndhra Sujala Sravanthi lift irrigation scheme will also use the Godavari water and a sanction of Rs 2,114 crore was made in 2017 for its first phase.[49][50] All the irrigated lands under these lift schemes can be supplied from Polavaram right and left canals by gravity flow when Polavaram reservoir level is above the canal's full supply level of 41.15 m MSL. However these lift stations are to be operated every year during the dry season to draw water from the substantial dead storage available behind the flood gates of the Polavaram dam. So these lift schemes are not for few years operation till the Polavaram dam is constructed but for permanent operation regularly for at least four months in every year. Nearly 80 tmcft live storage capacity available to Andhra Pradesh in Sileru river basin can also augment the water availability additionally to the Polavaram project during the dry season.[51] The dam construction involves building of a 1.5 m thick concrete diaphragm wall up to depths from 40 to 120 m below the river bed under the earth dam which is first of its kind in India.[52] The purpose of diaphragm wall is to secure the river bed stability for withstanding the water pressure across the dam. The project would constitute an earth-cum-rock fill dam of {{convert|2310|m}} length, spillway of {{convert|907|m}} with 44 vents to enable discharge of {{convert|3600000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} of water.[53] The spillway is located on the right bank of the river for which nearly 5.5 km long and 1.0 km wide approach and spill channels up to river bed level is envisaged involving nearly 70 million cubic meters earth/rock excavation which is nearly 2/3rd of the project's total earth work. The maximum flood level at Polavaram is {{convert|28|m}} MSL and lowest water level is {{convert|10.9|m}} MSL. Two cofferdams are planned, one up to {{convert|41|m}} MSL, to facilitate faster pace of work on earth-cum-rock fill dam to complete the first phase of the project by June 2018.[54] With coffer dams inclusion and the bed level of the approach and discharge canals of the spillway increased to {{convert|17|m}} MSL, the spillway related rock excavation is reduced by 70% leading to substantial cost reduction in the project's head works cost. Ultimately, the cofferdams would become peripheral portion of the main earth-cum-rock fill dam. On the left side of the river, 12 water turbines, each having 80 megawatt capacity, were to be installed. The right canal connecting to Krishna River in the upstream of Prakasam Barrage ({{convert|173|km}} long) discharges {{convert|17500|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} at head works and left canal ({{convert|182|km}} long) discharges {{convert|17500|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} of water.[31] Indira Dummugudem lift irrigation scheme starting at {{Coord|17|33|49|N|81|14|49|E|name=Rudrammakota}} is under construction to supply irrigation water for 200,000 acres in Khammam, Krishna and West Godavari districts drawing Godavari River water from the back waters of Polavaram reservoir.[55] This is a joint project between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana states. This project was shelved and merged with another project by the Telangana state. FinancingIn December 2016, NABARD handed over Es. 1,981 cr, as part of its loan from the Long Term Irrigation Fund (LTIF) under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY).[56] NABARD provided a loan of 2,981.54 cr during 2016-17 and Rs. 979.36 cr. during 2017-18 under the LTIF to the National Water Development Authority (NWDA) for the project.[57] In its 2018 budget, Andhra Pradesh allocated Rs. 9000 Cr. to the project.[58] In June 2018, the Central Government approved Rs. 1,400 crore which had been sanctioned in January, but not released, through Extra Budgetary Resources raised by NABARD. These funds were from outside the LTIF.[59] In January 2018, it was reported that the project cost had escalated to Rs. 58,319 crore.[60] In June 2018, The Water Ministry sanctioned Rs. 417.44 crore as grant-in-aid under the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) under the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana (PMKSY) towards the project.[61] By June 2018, Rs. 13,000 crore had been spent on the project.[13] Interstate water sharingAs per the inter state agreements dated 4 August 1978 (page 89) and 29 January 1979 (page 101) with Andhra Pradesh, the states of Karnataka and Maharashtra are entitled to use 21 tmcft and 14 tmcft respectively out of the unallocated waters of Krishna river when Godavari water transferred in a year by Polavaram right bank canal from Polavaram reservoir to Prakasam barrage across Krishna river is not exceeding 80 tmcft at 75% dependability.[62][70] When additional Godavari water exceeding 80 tmcft is transferred from Polavaram reservoir, Karnataka and Maharashtra are entitled with additional water from the unallocated Krishna river waters in the same proportion (i.e. 21:14:45) provided all the following conditions are satisfied.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}
Thus Andhra Pradesh is entitled to transfer Godavari water in excess of 80 tmcft in three out of four years (below 75% dependability) reducing the water releases from Nagarjunasagar dam for Krishna delta requirements and need not share water with other states beyond 80 tmcft.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The above interstate water sharing agreement does not cover the Godavari water transferred to Krishna river which is not displacing the water releases from the Nagarjunasagar dam for the requirements of Krishna delta. Thus Andhra Pradesh need not share with other states the water transferred via Krishna river or any reservoir located on Krishna river for the water needs of any of its area (including Krishna basin) other than Krishna delta.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Godavari Penna River linkingTo stabilize the existing irrigated ayacut area under Nagarjuna sagar right canal, a new lift project construction with greenfield alignment was started having five step ladder pumping stages and a canal to transfer 7,000 cusecs of Godavari water.[64] from Prakasam Barrage back waters into the Nagarjuna sagar right canal near Nekarikallu in the first phase of Godavari Penna River linking project to utilize 73 tmcft of Godavari water. With FRL 25M newly created[65] Vykuntapuram Barrage pond will have back waters beyond Pokkunuru up to the toe of Pulichinthala Project. It is more economical to construct first stage pump house of this lift project to lift water from Prakasam Barrage back waters into newly created Vykuntapuram Barrage pond and the second lift stage from Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to existing K.L Rao sagar / Pulichintala Project and later lift stages from K.L Rao Sagar to Nagarjuna sagar right canal.It will shorten the length of this lift project canal, Pressure Main and less number of lift stages and also enables to lift water upto Srisailam Project via Existing Reversible Reverse turbine pump houses in Nagarjuna Sagar Dam and its tail pond project. It is even more economical, if we construct a new gravity canal from Ibrahimpatnam to Vykuntapuram Barrage pond to deliver the Polavaram right main canal/ Budameru diversion canal waters directly into the Vykuntapuram barrage pond since Polavaram right main canal level is 33 m MSL at Ambapuram hill near Vijayawada. As water supply from Nagarjuna Sagar Left Bank Canal is highly erratic, Muktyala Lift Irrigation scheme is proposed by drawing water from the back waters of Vykuntapuram barrage on left bank of Krishna river.[66] There is a proposal to link Nagarjuna Sagar Dam across the Krishna River and Somasila Dam across Penna River with 400 km canal as part of national river linking program. With help from the Indian Government, AP Govt can construct a new canal up to Somasila Dam as per DPR of Indian Rivers Inter-link program specifications.[67] Thus the Godavari River water will travel up to Somasila Dam and then Swarnamukhi in Chittoor district via existing Somasila Swarnamukhi link canal. GoAP can also provide water to Tamil Nadu with this Godavari water and retained water in Krishna River (15 TMC allocation of Krishna water to Telugu Ganga) will be used for other projects in Rayalaseema region[68]. In future a new massive dam named Palnadu Sagar[69] across hill range near Bollapalle[70] with 700 TMC capacity reservoir is possible using of flood water of Krishna River and Godavari River diverted with this lift project. It will submerge nearly 300Sq KM of land at FRL 260m MSL.Palnadu Sagar spillway with Francis Turbine will take and release water into Nagarjuna Sagar right canal along with Hydroelectricity power generation. Flood water of Krishna River will be pumped to Palnadu Sagar. The water stored in Palnadu Sagar will be used for irrigation and drinking in drought years.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Future potentialVykuntapuram barrage would be constructed on Krishna river located near {{Coord|16|34|41|N|80|24|43|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}} in the upstream of Prakasam barrage with FRL at 25m MSL to receive Godavari water diverted from Polavaram dam.[71]A low level lift canal from the Krishna river located near {{Coord|16|42|50|N|80|08|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}} at 20 m MSL in the downstream of Pulichintala dam will be executed to feed Godavari water diverted from Polavaram Dam to some of the existing command area (situated below 60 m MSL) under Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal to facilitate extension of Nagarjuna Sagar right bank canal connecting to Kandaleru feeder canal / Somasila reservoir for serving irrigation needs in Prakasam, Potti Sriramulu Nellore and Chittur districts including Chennai drinking water supply. A branch from this lift canal is also extended up to Pulichinthala dam (FRL 53.34 m MSL) to store Godavari water in Pulichintala reservoir during drought years and to irrigate low lands along Krishna river up to Pulichintala dam.[72][73] Another high level lift canal from above Krishna river location {{Coord|16|42|50|N|80|08|24|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}} up to 90 m MSL would be constructed to join Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond (FRL 75 m MSL) irrigating lands en route along Krishna river in Guntur district. During drought years, the water transferred by this canal to Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond is further lifted to Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam reservoirs with the existing pumped storage hydro units for use in all the projects receiving water from these reservoirs. This high level lift canal is an alternative to Dummugudem to Sagar lift canal planned in Telangana region which would transfer Godavari river water from Dummugudem to Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond.[74] Ultimately the Polavaram right bank canal would be remodelled to enhance its capacity to 30,000 cusecs by raising its embankments for augmenting water transfer to meet shortages in the Krishna river basin and the needed environmental flows downstream of Prakasam barrage.[74] A 25 MW hydropower station can be established utilising Polavaram right bank canal water near Vijayawada city by transferring water via Budameru river and Eluru canal to Prakasam barrage pond.[75] Fresh water coastal reservoirA fresh water coastal reservoir of storage capacity 1000 Tmcft could be constructed along the sea coast to store the Krishna & Godavari river flood waters for creating additional irrigated area in Prakasam, Potti Sriramulu Nellore, Cudapah, Chittoor districts and further transfer of Godavari water to Kavery river in Tamil Nadu under interstate rivers linking project{{cn|date=April 2019}} This project is similar to Kalpasar Project to store Narmada River water in Gulf of Khambhat sea.[76][77] Fresh water coastal reservoirs can be established in the shallow sea area by constructing sea dikes / bunds/ causeway up to the depth of 20 meters from the coast line. Water can be pumped from this artificial fresh water lagoon throughout the year for meeting agriculture, etc. needs. Also top surface of the dike can be used as coastal road & rail rout. The proposed dikes would be similar to the land reclamation of North Sea area called Delta Works in Netherlands or Saemangeum Seawall in South Korea. The earth bunds / dikes located on sea bed at 20 meters below the sea level, is lesser challenging technically when compared to Saemangeum Seawall project which is having 36 meters average water depth.[78][79]The sea area up to 20 meters depth adjacent to coast line between the locations (near {{Coord|16|20|07|N|81|39|31|E|name=Eastern tip of Coastal reservoir}}) where Vashista Godavari, the right side branch of the Godavari river, is joining the sea and the mouth of the Gundlakamma River (near {{Coord|15|34|09|N|80|13|49|E|name=Western tip of Coastal reservoir}}), is highly suitable for creating the fresh water coastal reservoir. The average width of the sea up to 20 m depth is nearly 16 km wide and the length of the sea dikes is nearly 200 km. The area of the coastal reservoir would be nearly 2900 km2. A barrage would be constructed across the Vashista Godavari river (near {{Coord|16|23|35|N|81|42|31|E|name=Vashista Godavari barrage}}) near Narasapuram town. A flood canal (11 km long) from this barrage would feed Godavari river water to the coastal reservoir. With 70 tmcft live storage above the full supply level of its canals, Polavaram reservoir will assist in moderating the Godavari flood water and make available to the coastal reservoir. The off shore earth dam extending up to 8 m msl high, is in the form of two parallel dikes separated by 1000 meters gap. The main purpose of the twin dikes is to prevent any sea water seepage into coastal reservoir as its water level is below the sea water level. The water level between the dikes is always maintained up to 1 m above the sea level by pumping fresh water from the coastal reservoir to the 1000 m gap between the dikes. The higher level water barrier between the two dikes fully eliminate any sea water seepage in to the coastal reservoir by establishing fresh water seepage to the sea. The rain water falling on the coastal reservoir area and run off water from its catchment area is adequate to cater the seepage and evaporation losses from the coastal reservoir. The 180 km long, 1000 m gap between the two dikes is also used as deep water mega harbor for shipping, ship breaking, ship building, etc.[80] For shipping purpose, the breakwater outer dike facing the sea is envisaged with few locks fitted with twin gates for access to the open sea. The top surface of inner dike would serve as access to the main land from the mega harbor with rail and road links. The coastal reservoir whose full reservoir water level (FRL) is at 0.0 m msl, would also reduce drastically the cyclone damage and flooding in coastal areas of West Godavari, Krishna, Guntur and Prakasam districts. It would also greatly improve the irrigated coastal lands drainage in these districts. The coastal reservoir area can also be used for locating floating solar power plants to generate the needed water pumping power.[81] The dikes are built by dredging sand and clay from the nearby shallow sea bed to reduce the construction cost. Nearly 1850 tmcft water of Godavari and Krishna flood waters can be utilized for irrigation, etc. requirements with this fresh water coastal reservoir. Vast lands in the districts of Prakasam, Nellore, Cudapah and Chittoor are drought prone and do not have adequate water sources for irrigating the dry lands.[82] Water from this coastal reservoir would be pumped uplands to Ramathirtham water tank (near {{Coord|15|37|37|N|79|48|47|E|type:landmark_region:IN-AP}}) which is at 85 m msl.[83] From this water tank, dry lands in Prakasam and Nellore districts up to Tamil Nadu border can be brought under irrigation by gravity canals. From this canal, water would be further pumped to the uplands of Chittoor and Cudapah districts up to 600 m msl across the Seshachalam mountains. This canal would also be extended with lifts to transfer 350 tmcft water up to the Kavery river in Tamil Nadu state during South-west monsoon period. The total cost to Andhra Pradesh state would be less than Rs 300 billions which is nearly Rs 1,00,000 per acre of irrigated land.[84] ControversiesThe proposed project would displace 276 villages and 44,574 families spread across Andhra Pradesh state mainly. Tribals constitute 50% of such a displaced population.[85] Human rights activists came out against the project because of these reasons. In addition, one activist pointed out that this interlinking of the rivers will harm the interests of the region in the state.[86] Environmental activist Medha Patkar said that the project not only will displace several thousands of families, it will also submerge several archaeological sites, coal deposits, a wildlife sanctuary and several hectares of farm land.[87] Sixty-four years after the initial conception of the project, the Government of Andhra Pradesh secured the environmental clearance from the central agency in 2005. This clearance was obtained after the state government prepared a {{INR}}4,500 crore forest management plan and rehabilitation and resettlement proposal covering 59,756 hectares that were being lost under the project.[88] In addition, {{INR}}40,000 was to be allotted for each dwelling to be constructed for the displaced as against {{INR}}25,000 provided by other states.[89] Despite this clearance, the project faced political roadblocks. The Communist Party of India (M) and Telangana Rashtra Samithi were troubled with the issue of submerging agricultural lands by the project.[90][91] Meanwhile, work on the project began in April 2006 and was expected to be completed by February 2007.[92] After 30% work of excavation work on the canals and 15% of the spillway works had been completed, the work was halted in May 2006 to seek clearance from the Ministry of Forests and Environment.[93] The neighbouring state of Odisha also expressed its concern on the submerging of its land and decided to study this together with the officials from Andhra Pradesh.[94] In response, Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh Late Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy clarified that neither Odisha nor Chhattisgarh would be affected by the construction.[95] The problem continued until 2010, when Chief Minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik remained steadfast in his demand for compensation and rehabilitation of tribals of his state who would be displaced due to the submerging of their land.[96] Odisha and Chhattisgarh have filed a petition in the Supreme Court against the Project which has probability of temporarily submerging large areas of its state and allege that union government are going ahead with the project without the necessary permissions from Environment Ministry. Under section 90 of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, union government has taken the responsibility of taking all clearances and approvals for the project execution and also declared the project as national project.[106] The states also allege that public hearing in the effected areas are not held. Under section 90 (3) of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Telangana state has already given the approval in all respects to the Polavaram project.[97][98] In June 2018, it was reported that Naveen Patnaik, Chief Minister of Odisha had written to the Central Government to halt the Polavaram Project.[99] Interstate river water disputesOdisha, Chhattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh entered into agreement (clause vi of final order, page 80 of original GWDT) which were made part of Godavari Water Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) award.[100] The agreement allows Andhra Pradesh to construct the Polavaram reservoir with full reservoir level (FRL) at 150 feet above the mean sea level (MSL). Odisha approached Supreme Court against the design discharge capacity of the Polavaram dam spill way stating that it should be designed for five million cusecs (cubic feet per second) which is the estimated probable maximum flood (PMF) once in 1000 years duration. Odisha argues that otherwise there would be additional submergence above 150 ft MSL in its territory during peak floods. The recorded maximum flood is 3.0 million cusecs in the year 1986 during last 115 years.[30][101] The projected back water level build up at Konta due to PMF in Godavari river after construction of Polavaram project with designed maximum water level (measured at dam point) shall be cross checked with the level that can occur at Konta in Sabari basin from the PMF generated in the upstream of Konta when the downstream main Godavari is not under spate. Then only enhanced submergence during the PMF of Godavari river in Odisha and Chhattisgarh states can be assessed due to Polavaram dam construction.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The location of Polavaram dam is in the plain area at approximately 10 km downstream from the 50 km long narrow gorge in the Papi Hills. It is also to be ascertained whether the higher back water level during the PMF in Godavari river is solely due to the presence of long narrow gorge which is acting as a natural dam / barrier or further enhanced by the presence of downstream Polavaram barrage.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} It is purely an academic interest showing concern for the few thousand hectares of farm/forest land submerged by the back water level build up once in five hundred or thousand years without showing concern for the thousands of square kilometres land submerged in the area downstream of the dam with a river flood of magnitude five million cusecs.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Thirty two years have passed after GWDT award in 1980, Maharashtra, Odisha and Chhattisgarh have not made serious efforts to harness the major Godavari tributaries such as Sabari River, Indravati River and Pranahita River to utilise the allocated share of Godavari waters. This underutilisation of water is the main reason for the very high flood flows at Polavaram dam site. Vast area in excess of 10,000 square km up to sea are frequently flooded (at least once in a decade) by Godavari floods in Andhra Pradesh by the flood waters originated in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha and Chhattisgarh states. The land submergence due to Polavaram dam in Odisha and Chhattisgarh states is fraction of Andhra Pradesh area which is affected by the floods in Godavari River. During the years from 1953 to 2011, Andhra Pradesh suffered nearly {{INR}}55,800 crore which is 26% of total flood damage in India.[102] It is justified to raise the FRL of Polavaram dam further on this ground alone. One single criterion shall be applied by the tribunals / courts for all the submerged lands whether they are related to reservoir projects construction or due to river floods (i.e. non-utilisation of river water). Upstream states shall not take granted that downstream state areas are permitted to be flooded /inundated by the river flood water without offering agreeable relief / comforts.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Odisha and Chhattisgarh entered into agreement (clause 3e, Annexure F, Page 159 of original GWDT) to construct a Hydro electricity project at Konta / Motu just upstream of the confluence point of Sileru tributary with Sabari River (tri-junction point of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh borders).[103] When this project is constructed, the land submergence would be more than that of Polavaram back waters. It would be better that Odisha and Chhattisgarh enter into agreement with Andhra Pradesh to shift the location of this Hydro electricity project further down stream in Andhra Pradesh territory to harness Sileru river water also for hydro electricity generation. This joint project of the three states would eliminate the back waters issue of Polavaram dam.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} The 200 km long stretch of the Sabari river forming boundary between Chhattisgarh and Odisha drops by 2.25 meters per km length on average. This stretch of the river has substantial hydro electricity generation potential by building medium head (< 20 m) barrages in series to minimise land submergence.[104] The surplus water of Indravati River in Odisha can also be diverted to Sabari river via Jouranala through which Indravati River flood waters naturally overflow into Sabari basin for power generation.[105] Dispute with Odisha and TelanganaIn July 2018, a two member bench of the Supreme Court asked Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha and Chhattisgarh governments to frame the issues for arguments. Telangana said to the court it is in-principle agree for project but centre should takeup study by Neutral central institute like CWPRS, Pune to study impact of Backwater due to increase of 36 Lakh cusecs to 50 Lakh cusecs of design discharge, it is to ascertain Safety of important temple town like Bhadrachalam, Mining areas and heavy water Plant.Orissa also insisting for Backwater studies.[106] See also{{stack|{{Portal|Andhra Pradesh|Water|Renewable energy}}}}{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
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2006|pages=5401–5407|url=http://www.yerukala.info/files/misc/TribalLandAlienation_AP.pdf|accessdate=4 November 2010}} 86. ^{{cite news|title=Polavaram project will spell doom for tribals: Human Rights Forum|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/05/19/stories/2005051903271700.htm|accessdate=4 November 2010|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=19 May 2005}} 87. ^{{cite news|title=Green signal for Polavaram dam|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-25/hyderabad/27852732_1_polavaram-irrigation-projects-medha-patkar|accessdate=4 November 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 October 2005}} 88. ^{{cite news|title=AP farmers get compensation, business picks up in Bhadrachalam|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160617/ap-farmers-get-compensation-business-picks-up-in-bhadrachalam.html|accessdate=16 June 2017}} 89. ^{{cite news|title=Polavaram project gets clearance|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/26/stories/2005102623460100.htm|accessdate=4 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