| 词条 | Lu (state) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = {{aut|魯國}} |conventional_long_name = State of Lu |common_name = Lu State |government_type = Monarchy |year_start = c. 1042 BC |year_end = 249 BC |event_end = Annexed by Chu |image_map =States of Zhou Dynasty.png |image_map_caption = Lu is a state in the east, near Qi |capital = Qufu |religion = Chinese folk religion, ancestor worship, Taoism |leader1 = Hereditary dukes of the House of Ji (姬) |title_leader = Duke }}{{Infobox Chinese |pic=Lu (Chinese characters).svg |piccap="Lu" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters |picsize=55px |t={{linktext|魯}} |s={{linktext|鲁}} |p=Lǔ |w=Lu3 |mi={{IPAc-cmn|l|u|3}} |suz=Lou |j=Lou5 |y=Lóuh |tl=Lóo |mc=Lú |oc-bs=*{{IPA|r.ŋˤaʔ}} }}Lu ({{zh|t={{linktext|魯}}}}, c. 1042–249 BC) was a vassal state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China located around modern Shandong province. Founded in the 11th century BC, its rulers were from a cadet branch of the House of Ji (姬) that ruled the Zhou dynasty. The first duke was Boqin, a son of the Duke of Zhou, who was brother of King Wu of Zhou and regent to King Cheng of Zhou.[1] Lu was the home state of Confucius as well as Mozi, and as such has an outsized cultural influence among the states of the Eastern Zhou and in history. The Annals of Spring and Autumn, for instance, was written with the Lu rulers' years as their basis. Another great work of Chinese history, the Zuo Zhuan or Commentary of Zuo, was also written in Lu by Zuo Qiuming. GeographyThe state's capital was in Qufu and its territory mainly covered the central and southwest regions of what is now Shandong Province. It was bordered to the north by the powerful state of Qi and to the south by the powerful state of Chu. The position of Lu on the eastern frontiers of the Western Zhou state, facing the non-Zhou peoples in states such as Lai and Xu, was an important consideration in its foundation. HistoryLu was one of several states founded in eastern China at the very beginning of the Zhou dynasty, in order to extend Zhou rule far from its capital at Zongzhou and power base in the Guanzhong region. Throughout Western Zhou times, it played an important role in stabilising Zhou control in modern-day Shandong. During the early Spring and Autumn period, Lu was one of the strongest states and a rival of Qi to its north. Under Duke Yin and Duke Huan of Lu, Lu defeated both Qi and Song on several occasions. At the same time, it undertook expeditions against other minor states. This changed by the middle of the period, as Lu's main rival, Qi, grew increasingly dominant. Although a Qi invasion was defeated in the Battle of Changshao in 684 BC, Lu would never regain the upper hand against its neighbour. Meanwhile, the power of the dukes of Lu was eventually undermined by the powerful feudal clans of Jisun 季孫, Mengsun 孟孫, and Shusun 叔孫 (called the Three Huan because they were descendants of Duke Huan of Lu). The domination of the Three Huan was such that Duke Zhao of Lu, in attempting to regain power, was exiled by them and never returned. It would not be until Duke Mu of Lu's reign, in the early Warring States period, that power eventually returned to the dukes again. In 249 BC King Kaolie of the state of Chu invaded and annexed Lu. Duke Qing, the last ruler of Lu, became a commoner.[1][3] The main line of the Duke of Zhou's descendants came from his firstborn son, the State of Lu ruler Bo Qin's third son Yu (魚) whose descendants adopted the surname Dongye (東野). The Duke of Zhou's offspring held the title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì).[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] 東野家族大宗世系 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in ChineseDuke Huan of Lu's son through Qingfu (慶父) was the ancestor of Mencius. The genealogy is found in the Mencius family tree (孟子世家大宗世系).[13][14][15]Rulers{{anchor|list|list of dukes|list of kings|list of rulers}}List of Lu rulers based on the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian:[1][16]
References1. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/shiji/sj_033.htm |script-title=zh:鲁周公世家 |trans-title=House of Duke of Zhou of Lu |work=Records of the Grand Historian |author=Sima Qian |language=Chinese |accessdate=15 April 2012}} {{Zhou dynasty topics}}{{Dukes of Lu}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}{{coord missing|China}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lu (State)}}2. ^{{cite book|author1=H.S. Brunnert|author2=V.V. Hagelstrom|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s0wrdzMXPZ8C&pg=PA493&lpg=PA493&dq=the+47th+in+line+of+descent+allowance+360+taels+year+public+treasury+present+dynasty+piece+land+eternal+possession+posterity+free+taxes+dues+good+profit+exempt+taxes+dues&source=bl&ots=I0lCEks32H&sig=EZNOUfYtpw0cMTaDOuDSJuCgcXY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiwrdWIkJXMAhUKHT4KHZbIDVoQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=the%2047th%20in%20line%20of%20descent%20allowance%20360%20taels%20year%20public%20treasury%20present%20dynasty%20piece%20land%20eternal%20possession%20posterity%20free%20taxes%20dues%20good%20profit%20exempt%20taxes%20dues&f=false|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79795-9|pages=493–494}} 3. ^http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Present_Day_Political_Organization_of_China_1000115601/507 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/presentdaypoliti00brun|title=Present day political organization of China|first1=I. S. (Ippolit Semenovich)|last1=Brunnert|first2=V. V.|last2=Gagelstrom|first3=N. F. (Nikolai Fedorovich)|last3=Kolesov|first4=Andrei Terentevich|last4=Bielchenko|first5=Edward Eugene|last5=Moran|date=|publisher=New York : Paragon|accessdate=17 April 2018|via=Internet Archive}} 5. ^{{cite book|author1=H.S. Brunnert|author2=V.V. Hagelstrom|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x4YdGCqNpDMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=present+day+political+organization+in+china&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDycDljpXMAhUFcD4KHb51DKAQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=confucius&f=false|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79794-2}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao)0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9VkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT1084&lpg=PT1084&dq=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC+%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB;&source=bl&ots=7Ul6aA7O-A&sig=krTOmLX9Dg5hmlyHpe-jFSvakE0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoeX-iZjMAhVGPz4KHXrVCkwQ6AEILTAC#v=onepage&q=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%20%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%3B&f=false|year=1818|pages=1084–}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=不詳|title=新清史|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBVmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT138&lpg=PT138&dq=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC+%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB;&source=bl&ots=M0jQy5_Ip0&sig=ubGwKB_eFUl3uYYkI2CVv6Qk_Io&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoeX-iZjMAhVGPz4KHXrVCkwQ6AEIMTAD#v=onepage&q=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%20%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%3B&f=false|date=21 August 2015|publisher=朔雪寒|pages=–|id=GGKEY:ZFQWEX019E4}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=557587|title=曝書亭集 : 卷三十三 - 中國哲學書電子化計劃|first=Donald|last=Sturgeon|date=|website=ctext.org|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taodabai.com/2608556.html|title=什么是 五经博士 意思详解 - 淘大白|author=|date=|website=www.taodabai.com|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=王士禎|title=池北偶談|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ysBnBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT182&lpg=PT182&dq=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC+%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB;&source=bl&ots=SccQvWlCrF&sig=qHgPBtREVgQipo8dzNyW1W-r0OI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoeX-iZjMAhVGPz4KHXrVCkwQ6AEIQjAG#v=onepage&q=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%20%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%3B&f=false|date=3 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒|pages=–|id=GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT}} 11. ^{{cite book|author1=徐錫麟|author2=錢泳|title=熙朝新語|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTZ4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&lpg=PT39&dq=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC+%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB;&source=bl&ots=zxrk1uyZlk&sig=48j4SYjMOb7Rum3jwRwCeuAjsbM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjMoeX-iZjMAhVGPz4KHXrVCkwQ6AEIRzAH#v=onepage&q=%E5%91%A8%E5%85%AC%20%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%3B&f=false|date=10 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒|pages=–|id=GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d2b9ecb50102v4vn.html|title=【从世袭翰林院五经博士到奉祀官】_三民儒家_新浪博客|author=|date=|website=blog.sina.com.cn|accessdate=17 April 2018}} 13. ^《三遷志》，（清）孟衍泰續修 14. ^《孟子世家譜》，（清）孟廣均主編，1824年 15. ^《孟子與孟氏家族》，孟祥居編，2005年 16. ^1 {{cite book |title=Annotated Shiji |author=Han, Zhaoqi |year=2010 |publisher= Zhonghua Book Company |isbn=978-7-101-07272-3 |language=Chinese |chapter=House of Duke of Zhou of Lu |page=2691}} 6 : Lu (state)|Zhou dynasty|11th-century BC establishments in China|States and territories established in the 11th century BC|3rd-century BC disestablishments|1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China |
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