| 词条 | Police of Russia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| agencyname = The Police | nativename = Полиция | nativenamea = Politsiya | nativenamer = | commonname = | abbreviation = | patch = | patchcaption = | logo = Police emblem of Russia.svg | logocaption = Russian police Emblem | badge = Нагрудный знак сотрудника Полиции.jpeg | badgecaption = Russian Police badge | flag = | flagcaption = | imagesize = | motto = Служим России, служим закону! | mottotranslated = We serve Russia, we serve the law! | formedyear = 2011 | formedmonthday = March 1 | preceding1 = Militsiya | preceding2 = Police Ministry | dissolved = | superseding = | employees = 904,871 (2016) | volunteers = | budget = | nongovernment = | country = Russia | countryabbr = RUS | national = Yes | map = Map of Russian districts, 2018-11-04.svg | mapcaption = Map of the Federal districts of Russia | sizearea = 17,075,400 km2 | sizepopulation = 143,030,106[1] | legaljuris = Federal law "On police" | governingbody = Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia) | constitution1 = Law "On Police" | constitution2 = | police = Yes | local = | overviewtype = | overviewbody = State Duma's Security Committee | headquarters = Zhitnaya 6, Okhotny Ryad, Moscow | hqlocmap = | hqlocleft = | hqloctop = | hqlocmappoptitle = | sworntype = | sworn = | unsworntype = | unsworn = | electeetype = Appointment by the President of Russia | minister1name = Vladimir Kolokoltsev | minister1pfo = Minister of Internal Affairs | chief1name = | chief1position = | parentagency = MVD | child1agency = | unittype = | unitname = | officetype = | officename = | provideragency = | uniformedas = | stationtype = | stations = | airbases = | lockuptype = | lockups = | vehicle1type = | vehicles1 = | boat1type = | boats1 = | aircraft1type = | aircraft1 = | animal1type = | animals1 = | person1name = | person1reason = | person1type = | programme1 = | activity1name = | activitytype = | anniversary1 = November 10, 1918 | award1 = | website = https://en.mvd.ru/ | footnotes = | reference = }} Police ({{lang-rus|полиция|p=pɐˈlʲitsɨjə|r=politsiya}}) is the federal law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was established in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service. It is the federal police service of Russia that operates according to the law on police (Закон "о полиции"),[2] as approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into law on February 7, 2011 by then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev. HistoryThe existing system of public services for the protection of public order and the fight against crime in the Russian Empire and re-organized from March 1, 2011 of the Russian Federation (with the exception of structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs that already exist or exist before and were called the police). 14th centuryIn 1504, cheval de frise were installed in Moscow, under which the guards were stationed. The guards were kept by the locals. The city was divided into areas, between which gates with lattices were built. It was forbidden to move around the city at night or without lighting. Subsequently, the Grand prince Ivan IV established patrols around Moscow to observe safety. Sudebnik of Ivan IV transferred the cases of “about guided robbers” under the jurisdiction of honorary elders. Prior to this, the Letters of Honor were in the nature of awards, and were given by the petition of the population itself. The lip of the letter gave permission to local society to independently manage in the field of labial work. In cities, police functions were performed by the mayor. Robber administration was first mentioned in 1571 and since then has existed continuously until the 18th century. Since 1539, in Moscow, the boyars are mentioned in written sources, by which robbery is ordered. Konstantin Nevolin believed that it was a temporary commission established to destroy the robberies, which then intensified. But, since the robberies did not stop, the temporary commission turned into a standing commission and thus robber administration appeared. 17th centuryBy decree of August 14, 1687, the affairs of the robber administration were transferred to the Zemsky administrations. In April 1649, Gran prince Alexis issued a decree on urban blessing. By decree in the White City, a team was created under the leadership of Ivan Novikov and clerk Vikula Panov. They were betrayed by five lattice clerks and "one person from 10 yards" with roars, axes and water pipes. The detachment was supposed to protect fire safety and order. Police officers in large cities called Zemsky Yaryg. In Moscow, they were dressed in red and green clothes. In other cities, the color of clothes could be different. On the chest they had the letters “З” (Z) and “Я” (YA) sewn. In 1669, instead of elders, detectives were introduced everywhere. 18th centuryThe police force in Saint Petersburg was established as the Main Police on 1715 by decree from Peter the Great. Initially, the staff of the St. Petersburg police consisted of the deputy general-police chief, 4 officers and 36 lower ranks. The clerical and ten clerks kept office work in the Main Police Station Office. The police not only kept order in the city, but also carried out a number of economic functions, engaged in the improvement of the city — paving streets, draining swampy places, garbage collection, etc. On June 7, 1718, Adjutant general Anton de Vieira was appointed General Polizeimeister.[3] To solve the tasks, the created Chief Police Office and one army regiment were handed over to the General Polizeimeister. All the ranks of this regiment became police officers. Through the efforts of General de Vieira in 1721, the first lanterns and benches for rest were installed in St. Petersburg. On January 19, 1722 the Governing Senate established the Moscow Police. The Ober-Polizeimeister was appointed by the emperor from military or civilian ranks. In accordance with the instructions of July 20, 1722, the Ober-Polizeimeister supervised the protection of public peace in Moscow, was the head of the Moscow Police Office. In 1729–1731 and 1762–1764, the head of the Moscow police was called the General Polizeimeister. On April 23, 1733, Empress Anna signed a decree “On the establishment of police in cities”. The police received the authority of the court and had the opportunity to impose penalties in criminal cases. 19th and 20th centuryThe Detective Department was founded in 1866 operating under the Police Department of Ministry of Internal Affairs, and by 1907 similar departments had been created in other major cities of the Russian Empire, including Moscow, Kiev, Riga, Odessa, Tiflis, Baku and Rostov-on-Don. Other districts were policed by rural police or gendarmerie units. The 3,500 strong police force of Petrograd provided the main opposition to the rioting which marked the initial outbreak of the February Revolution. After the army units garrisoning the city defected, the police became the main target of the revolutionaries and a number were killed. The Police of the Russian Empire was dissolved on March 10, 1917, and on April 17 the Provisional Government established the People's Militia (Militsiya) as a new law enforcement body. Soviet Militsiya{{Main|militsiya}}The militsiya was formed on March 10, 1917, which replaced the former police organizations of the Imperial government within Russia. There were detachments of the people's militsiya and the workers' militsiya that were organized as paramilitary police units. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the militsiya in Russia existed until March 1, 2011.2011 Police reform{{main|Russian police reform}}Russian police reform (Закон РФ "о полиции" (Zakon RF "O politsii" {Law on police}) is an ongoing effort initiated by former President Dmitry Medvedev to improve the efficiency of Russia's police forces, decrease corruption and improve the public image of law enforcement. On 7 February 2011, amendments were made to laws on the police force, the criminal code and the criminal procedure code. The amendments came into force on 1 March 2011. These changes stipulate a personnel cut of 20% in law enforcement, a renaming of Russian law enforcers from "militsiya" (militia) to "politsiya" (police), substantial increases in wages, centralization of financing, and several other changes. Around 217 billion rubles ($7 billion) have been allocated from the federal budget to finance the reform. Main changes and aims of the reform
Central administration
EquipmentTransportation{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}Russian police use a number of different models of automobiles which range greatly in age and technical specification.
Weaponry
Rank insigniaThe Russian Police do not use the rank of corporal.
It should also be noted that there is a four star police rank, General of the Police of the Russian Federation (Генерал полиции Российской Федерации). The rank is only newly established. See also{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
References1. ^2012 estimate 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zakonrf.info/zakon-o-policii/|title=Закон РФ "О полиции", N 3-ФЗ|publisher=}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dlib.rsl.ru/viewer/01003545544#?page=402|title=Просмотр документа - dlib.rsl.ru|website=dlib.rsl.ru|access-date=2019-01-10}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/politics/chechen-amendments-police-bill/|title=Police reform: easy rebranding followed by complicated actions|publisher=Russia Today|date=18 March 2011}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/bill-backed-by-kremlin-gives-police-officers-manna/433563.html|title=Bill Backed by Kremlin Gives Police Officers 'Manna'|publisher=The Moscow Times|date=23 March 2011}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://rt.com/politics/police-reform-major-layoff/|title=Russia’s rebranded police initiated with major layoffs|publisher=Russia Today|date=1 March 2011}} 7. ^{{Citation|last=|first=|title=Will Russian police reforms be more than a name change?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHkmMY6j-W8|work=website|volume=|pages=|publisher=RIA Novosti|access-date=2019-01-10}} 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/infographics/20101101/161164642.html|title=Changes to the law "On police"|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=2010-11-01}} External links
2 : Law enforcement in Russia|Government agencies established in 2011 |
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