“Polish National Ballet”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Polish National Ballet (PNB) is the largest and the most important ballet company in Poland. It continues a national ballet heritage, which dates to the 17th century.

Modernly it was known until 2009 as the ballet of the Teatr Wielki - Polish National Opera. In that year the ballet received artistic autonomy reflected in the theatre's by-laws and was elevated to the rank of Polish National Ballet. Since then, its director is Polish choreographer Krzysztof Pastor.^[1]

Ballet events in Polish history

In 1628 a traveling Italian opera troupe created the first ballet performance in Poland. Ballet scenes were then often incorporated into operas held at the court theater. For many years it was foreign dancers who performed. Eventually in 1765 the first permanent ballet company was formed, on the initiative of the king Stanisław II August. The company functioned with some interruptions in the Saxon’s Opernhaus (opera house), the first Polish public theater. A 1766 book on ballet by the famous ballet master of France Jean-Georges Noverre was dedicated to the Polish king.^[2]

Maciej Pręczyński (Prenczyński) was the first well-known Polish dancer; he worked with Gasparo Angiolini in Venice and Vienna in the 1770s. In 1785 Stanisław II August established a company of young dancers, trained in a ballet school at a Lithuanian estate.This first professional ballet company of predominantly Polish dancers was known as His Majesty’s National Dancers (1785-1794).^[3] Performances were held on stage at the National Theatre building in Krasiński Square, Warsaw. Its heritage was continued by subsequent Polish companies.

During the Romantic era the National Ballet School flourished in Warsaw. After 1818 it was guided by French ballet masters Louis Thierry and Maurice Pion. Under construction 1825-1833, the Teatr Wielki (Grand Theater) then became the artistic center for both opera and ballet in Poland. The choreographer and teacher Roman Turczynowicz became a Polish ballet-master at mid-century. Several outstanding foreign masters, e.g., Filippo Taglioni, Carlo Blasis, Virgilio Calori, Pasquale Borri, José Mendez, Raffaele Grassi, and Enrico Cecchetti, worked developing Polish dancers.^[2]

Early in the 20th century, there were many Polish dancers who joined the Ballets Russes of Sergei Diaghilev, which climbed to world renown. These included the ballet master Stanislas Idzikowski,^[4] and Leon Woizikovsky (orig. Wójcikowski).^[2] Siblings Bronislava Nijinska and Vaslav Nijinsky were of Polish heritage,^[5] though they trained under the patronage of the Tsar at the Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg. They danced with Ballets Russes, and both became celebrated choreographers.^[6]^[7]

During the Second Polish Republic, Nijinska headed the Ballet Polonais, newly formed in Warsaw in 1937. At the Paris Exposition Internationale of that year, this Polish Ballet won the Grand Prix for performance, Nijinska the Gran Prix for choreography.^[8]^[9] In 1938 the Ballet Polonaise was directed by Leon Wójcikowski, but World War II caused its closure.^[10]

Following the traumas of war, the 'Ballet of Teatr Wielki' reemerged in Warsaw. Yet the original Teatr Wielki had been almost completely destroyed during the 1939 siege of Warsaw. Eventually it was rebuilt and enlarged, in a new facility (also called the Opera Narodowa [National Opera]). Continuing a heritage of several centuries, the new theater opened in 1965. It housed the companies and schools for both opera and ballet, its stage being shared.^[11] The dance company later became the Polish National Ballet, which continues to rehearse and perform in Teatr Wielki.

Under new name and status

On 18 March 2009 Polish choreographer Krzysztof Pastor,^[12] already engaged with the Dutch National Ballet, became the director of the ballet of Teatr Wielki - Polish National Opera. He took over this position with Paweł Chynowski as his proxy only under the condition that the company receive artistic autonomy. Thanks to the efforts of Teatr Wielki’s general director Waldemar Dąbrowski on 29 April 2009 the Polish Minister of Culture and National Heritage Bogdan Zdrojewski took the decision to separately constitute the ballet in the theater’s by-laws, under the name Polish National Ballet.^[2] With the foundation of the Polish National Ballet, the company became autonomous and works as an equal partner to the Polish National Opera.

Polish National Ballet pursues a program of major classic dance formation. It performs an academic choreographic repertoire, but also reaches for 20th-century ballet masterpieces. Invitations are extended to outstanding contemporary choreographers; it also introduces works by young Polish choreographers. With nearly 90 dancers it includes both Polish and foreign dancers and affiliated specialities. The company performs regularly at the Teatr Wielki, when it is not on tour in Poland or performing abroad.

Repertoire

Ballets staged by the Polish National Ballet from its establishing (year, ballet, choreographer):^[13]

Leading soloists

On tour

References

1. ^Cf. Polish National Ballet at website Teatr Wielki / Opera Narodowa. Accessed 7 April 2017.
2. ^¹²³Paweł Chynowski, History of the Polish National Ballet. Accessed 7 April 2017.
3. ^Halina Goldberg, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lPSSMhdW_bQC&pg=PA110&lpg=PA110&dq=His+Majesty's+National+Dancers&source=bl&ots=QbbgEBtNk6&sig=PZfC_jBNiS_JUQJfxCV_gUJnY7s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZkMPplZ7TAhXKilQKHU_aAA4Q6AEIMTAF#v=onepage&q=His%20Majesty's%20National%20Dancers&f=false The Age of Chopin] (Indiana University 2004), p. 110. Accessed 2-17-04-11.
4. ^Cyril W. Beaumont, The Art of Stanislas Idzikowski (London: Beaumont Press, 1926), pp. 7-8. Idzikowski (1894-1977) was ten when he started at the ballet school in Teatr Wielki. After his debut, when sixteen he left for London. In a few years Diaghilev asked him to join.
5. ^Bronislava Nijinska, Early Memoirs (New York: Holt Rinehart Winston 1981), pp. 3-13. Both parents (1891-1972) were professional ballet dancers who'd been trained at Teatr Wielki.
6. ^Lynn Garafola, Diaghilev's Ballets Russes (Oxford University 1989), 122-134 (Nijinska); ix, 376 (reference to her Théâtre de la Danse [Paris 1932-1934] that "carried on Diaghilev's experimental tradition").
7. ^Agnes de Mille, The Book of the Dance (London: Paul Hamlyn 1963), pp. 152-153 (Bronislava Nijinska).
8. ^Nijinska, Early Memoirs (1981), pp. 521-522.
9. ^Nancy Van Norman Baer, Bronislava Nijinska. A Dancer's Legacy (Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco 1986), pp. 65-66.
10. ^Nancy Reynolds and Malcolm McCormack, No Fixed Points. Dance in the twentieth century (Yale University 2003), p. 181 (the Polish ballet company).
11. ^Paweł Chynowski, History of the Polish National Ballet. Accessed 11 April 2017.
12. ^Krzysztof Paster at Culture.pl. Accessed 2017-04-11.
13. ^Polish National Ballet at website Teatr Wielki / Opera Narodowa. Accessed 7 April 2017.
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/chinara-alizade/|title=Chinara Alizade|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/magdalena-ciechowicz/|title=Magdalena Ciechowicz|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/dagmara-dryl/|title=Dagmara Dryl|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/yuka-ebihara/|title=Yuka Ebihara|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/marta-fiedler/|title=Marta Fiedler|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/karolina-jupowicz/|title=Karolina Jupowicz|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/mai-kageyama/|title=Mai Kageyama|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/dominika-krysztoforska/|title=Dominika Krysztoforska|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/aleksandra-liashenko/|title=Aleksandra Liashenko|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/izabela-milewska/|title=Izabela Milewska|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/maria-zuk/|title=Maria Żuk|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.taniecpolska.pl/people/184|title=taniec POLSKA [pl] - people - Sergey Basalaev|website=www.taniecpolska.pl|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wiener-staatsoper.at/en/artists/ballet/detail/artist/35-gabdullin-robert/|title=Robert Gabdullin - Ballet - Artists - Wiener Staatsoper|first=Wiener|last=Staatsoper|website=www.wiener-staatsoper.at|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/pawel-koncewoj/|title=Paweł Koncewoj|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.egormenshikov.com/phone/index.html|title=Home|website=www.egormenshikov.com|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/the-theatre/news/single-news/n/sergey-popov-leaves-pnb/|title=Sergey Popov leaves PNB|publisher=|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/wojciech-slezak/|title=Wojciech Ślęzak|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/dawid-trzensimiech/|title=Dawid Trzensimiech|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=https://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/patryk-walczak/|title=Patryk Walczak|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|language=en|access-date=2018-07-06}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/maksim-woitiul/|title=Maksim Woitiul|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://teatrwielki.pl/en/people/vladimir-yaroshenko/|title=Vladimir Yaroshenko|website=Teatr Wielki Opera Narodowa|accessdate=27 May 2018}}
35. ^{{Cite web|url=https://teatrwielki.pl/en/the-theatre/news/single-news/n/zespol-baletowy-jedzie-do-kanady/|title=PBN goes to Montreal|website=teatrwielki.pl|language=en|access-date=2019-03-02}}