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词条 Polish Righteous Among the Nations
释义

  1. Activities

  2. Risk

  3. Numbers

  4. Notable rescuers

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}{{Infobox
| title = Polish Righteous
| subheader = Medals and diplomas awarded at a ceremony in the Polish Senate on 17 April 2012
| image =
|caption = There are {{Polish Righteous count}} Polish men and women recognized as Righteous by the State of Israel
}}{{Righteous Among the Nations}}

The citizens of Poland have the world's highest count of individuals who have been recognized by Yad Vashem of Jerusalem as the Polish Righteous Among the Nations, for saving Jews from extermination during the Holocaust in World War II. {{As of|2018|January|1}}, there are {{Polish Righteous count}} Polish men and women recognized as Righteous Among the Nations[1], over a quarter the of 26,973 recognized by Yad Vashem in total.[2]

It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of Poles concealed and aided hundreds of thousands of their Polish-Jewish neighbors. Many of these initiatives were carried out by individuals, but there also existed organized networks of Polish resistance which were dedicated to aiding Jews – most notably, the Żegota organization.

In German-occupied Poland the task of rescuing Jews was especially difficult and dangerous compared to other European countries under German occupation. All household members were punished by death if a Jew was found concealed in their home or on their property.[5] It is estimated that the number of Poles who were killed by the Nazis for aiding Jews was as high as tens of thousands, 704 of whom were posthumously honored with medals.[7][8]

Activities

{{further information|Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust|The Holocaust in occupied Poland}}

Before World War II, Poland's Jewish community had numbered between 3,300,000[9] and 3,500,000 people – about 10 percent of the country's total population. Following the invasion of Poland, Germany's Nazi regime sent millions of deportees from every European country to the concentration and forced-labor camps set up in the General Government territory of occupied Poland and across the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany.[10] Most Jews were imprisoned in the Nazi ghettos, which they were forbidden to leave. Soon after the German–Soviet war had broken out in 1941, the Germans began their extermination of Polish Jews on either side of the Curzon Line, parallel to the ethnic cleansing of the Polish population including Romani and other minorities of Poland.[10]

As it became apparent that, not only were conditions in the ghettos terrible (hunger, diseases, executions), but that the Jews were being singled out for extermination at the Nazi death camps, they increasingly tried to escape from the ghettos and hide in order to survive the war.[12] Many Polish Gentiles concealed hundreds of thousands of their Jewish neighbors. Many of these efforts arose spontaneously from individual initiatives, but there were also organized networks dedicated to aiding the Jews.[13]

Most notably, in September 1942 a Provisional Committee to Aid Jews (Tymczasowy Komitet Pomocy Żydom) was founded on the initiative of Polish novelist Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, of the famous artistic and literary Kossak family. This body soon became the Council for Aid to Jews (Rada Pomocy Żydom), known by the codename Żegota, with Julian Grobelny as its president and Irena Sendler as head of its children's section.[14][15]

It is not exactly known how many Jews were helped by Żegota, but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in Warsaw alone. At the end of the war, Sendler attempted to locate their parents but nearly all of them had died at Treblinka. It is estimated that about half of the Jews who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.[16]

In numerous instances, Jews were saved by the entire communities, with everyone engaged,[17] such as in the villages of Markowa[18] and Głuchów near Łańcut,[19] Główne, Ozorków, Borkowo near Sierpc, Dąbrowica near Ulanów, in Głupianka near Otwock,[20] Teresin near Chełm,[21] Rudka, Jedlanka, Makoszka, Tyśmienica, and Bójki in Parczew-Ostrów Lubelski area,[22] and Mętów, near Głusk. Numerous families who concealed their Jewish neighbours paid the ultimate price for doing so.[18] Several hundred Poles were massacred in Słonim for sheltering Jews who escaped from the Słonim Ghetto. In Huta Stara near Buczacz, all Polish Christians and the Jewish countrymen they protected were burned alive in a church.[24]

Risk

{{Infobox recurring event
|image = Bekanntmachung General Government Poland 1942.jpg
|name = Warning of death penalty
for supporting Jews
|imagesize = 256px
|caption = NOTICEConcerning:
the Sheltering of Escaping Jews.
{{space|3}}There is a need for a reminder, that in accordance with paragraph 3 of the decree of 15 October 1941, on the Limitation of Residence in the General Government (page 595 of the GG Register) Jews leaving the Jewish Quarter without permission will incur the death penalty.
{{space|3}}According to this decree, those knowingly helping these Jews by providing shelter, supplying food, or selling them foodstuffs are also subject to the death penalty.

{{space|3}}This is a categorical warning to the non-Jewish population against:
{{space|9}}1) Providing shelter to Jews,
{{space|9}}2) Supplying them with Food,
{{space|9}}3) Selling them Foodstuffs.

Częstochowa 9/24/42{{space|5}}

Der Stadthauptmann
Dr. Franke

}}{{further|Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland}}

During the occupation of Poland (1939–1945), the Nazi German administration created hundreds of ghettos surrounded by walls and barbed-wire fences in most metropolitan cities and towns, with gentile Poles on the 'Aryan side' and the Polish Jews crammed into a fraction of the city space. Anyone from the Aryan side caught assisting those on the Jewish side in obtaining food was subject to the death penalty.[3][4] The usual punishment for aiding Jews was death, applied to entire families.[5][28][29] On 10 November 1941, the death penalty was expanded by Hans Frank to apply to Poles who helped Jews "in any way: by taking them in for the night, giving them a lift in a vehicle of any kind" or "feed[ing] runaway Jews or sell[ing] them foodstuffs". The law was made public by posters distributed in all major cities. Polish rescuers were fully conscious of the dangers facing them and their families, not only from the invading Germans, but also from betrayers (see: szmalcowniks) within the local, multi-ethnic population and the Volksdeutsche.[30] The Nazis implemented a law forbidding all non-Jews from buying from Jewish shops under the maximum penalty of death.[5]

Gunnar S. Paulsson, in his work on history of the Jews of Warsaw, has demonstrated that, despite the much harsher conditions, Warsaw's Polish residents managed to support and conceal the same percentage of Jews as did the residents of cities in safer countries of Western Europe, where no death penalty for saving them ever existed.[32]

Over 700 Polish Righteous Among the Nations received their medals of honor posthumously, having been murdered by the Germans for aiding or sheltering their Jewish neighbors.[7]

Current estimates of the number of Poles who were killed by the Nazis for aiding Jews range in the tens of thousands.[7]

Numbers

There are {{Polish Righteous count}} officially recognized Polish Righteous – the highest count among nations of the world. At a 1979 international historical conference dedicated to Holocaust rescuers, J. Friedman said in reference to Poland: "If we knew the names of all the noble people who risked their lives to save the Jews, the area around Yad Vashem would be full of trees and would turn into a forest."

Hans G. Furth holds that the number of Poles who helped Jews is greatly underestimated and there might have been as many as 1,200,000 Polish rescuers. Władysław Bartoszewski, a wartime member of Żegota, estimates that "at least several hundred thousand Poles... participated in various ways and forms in the rescue action." Recent research supports estimates that about a million Poles were involved in such rescue efforts, "but some estimates go as high as 3 million."Gunnar S. Paulsson wrote: "How many people in Poland rescued Jews? Of those that meet Yad Vashem's criteria – perhaps 100,000. Of those that offered minor forms of help – perhaps two or three times as many. Of those who were passively protective – undoubtedly the majority of the population". [41]

Father John T. Pawlikowski (a Servite priest from Chicago)[6] remarked that the hundreds of thousands of rescuers strike him as inflated.[43]

Notable rescuers

{{also|:Category:Polish Righteous Among the Nations}}{{col-begin|width=auto}}{{col-break}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Irena Adamowicz, liaison between several Jewish ghettos providing communication and moral support [44]
  • Wincenty Antonowicz with wife Jadwiga and daughter Lucyna, food and transport [44]
  • Ferdynand Arczyński, took care of 4,000 Jews on the "Aryan" side of Warsaw (Zegota treasurer) [44]
  • Zofia Baniecka and her mother rescued more than 50 Jews in their Warsaw apartment in 1941–1944
  • Władysław Bartoszewski, Jewish Uprising assistance (Delegatura) [47][48]
  • Anna Borkowska, saved 17 young Jewish Zionists in her Vilna convent [49]
  • Franciszek and Magdalena Banasiewicz with children, saved families of 15 in a bunker near Przemyśl [50]
  • Szczepan Bradło and family, saved three families of 16 in a dugout [51]
  • Krystyna Dańko, hid and supplied a Jewish family of four with food, clothing and money [52]
  • Jan Dobraczyński, placed several hundred Jewish children in Catholic convents [53]
  • Maria Fedecka, saved 12 members of close Jewish families in Wilno [54][55]
  • Mieczysław Fogg, hid a Jewish family in his apartment till the end of World War II [56]
  • Andrzej Garbuliński and son, killed for sheltering Alfenbeins family [57]
  • Antoni Gawryłkiewicz, saved three Jewish families consisting of 16 members [58]
  • Matylda Getter, hid 550 Jewish children from the Warsaw getto in Polish orphanages [59]
  • Zofia Glazer, saved Cypora with her baby from the Siedlce Ghetto before massacre [7]
  • Julian Grobelny with wife Halina, rescued a large number of Jewish children (President of Zegota) [61]
  • Irena Gut, rescued sixteen Jews by becoming Nazi {{nobreak|mistress [62][63]}}
  • Henryk Iwański, arms and military support for the Jewish Uprising, (AK) [64]
  • Stefan Jagodziński, saved Dr. Tenenwurzel's family of three [65] member of resistance
  • Stanisław Jasiński and daughter Emilia, hid Jews who escaped the Volhynian massacres [66]
  • Jerzy and Eugenia Latoszyński, temporarily adopting Artur Citryn [67]
  • Aleksander Kamiński, helped organize Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto (Home Army representative) [68]
  • Jan Karski, first reported the Holocaust to President Franklin D. Roosevelt [69][70]
  • Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, helped save several thousand Jews, especially children (co-founder of Żegota) [71]
  • Maria Kotarba, "Angel of Auschwitz" delivering food and medicine, cooking for Jewish female prisoners [72]
  • Władysław Kowalski, hid 50 Jews around Warsaw [73]
  • Stefan Korboński, alerted London and the BBC about the ongoing destruction of the Jews, to no avail (member of Delegatura) [41]
  • Jerzy and Irena Krępeć saved over 30 Jews on their two rented estates near Płock [75]
  • Jerzy Jan Lerski (George J. Lerski), informed political circles abroad about the extermination and persecution of Jews [8]
  • Eryk Lipiński, involved in production of forged documents for the Jews in hiding 
  • Igor Newerly, saved Janusz Korczak's diary of martyrdom, harboured several Warsaw Ghetto journalists [77][78]
  • Tadeusz Pankiewicz, operated the only pharmacy in the Jewish Ghetto of Kraków and distributed free medicine [79]
  • Alfreda and Bolesław Pietraszek, rescued several Jewish families consisting of 18 people [80]
  • The Podgórski sisters: Stefania (16, now Burzminski) and Helena (6), hid 13 Jews for two and a half years in an attic in Przemyśl; Stefania married one of the rescued who later changed his name to Burzminski. Television film "Hidden in Silence" was made about this rescue mission [81]
  • Jan and Anna Puchalski hid 6 Jews at their house for 17 months in Łosośna [82]
  • Konrad Rudnicki and his mother Maria harbored the Weintraubs family during World War II [83]
  • Irena Sendler, helped rescue at least 2,500 Jewish children from the Warsaw Ghetto [84]
  • Henryk Sławik, helped save over 5,000 Polish Jews in Budapest by giving them false 'arian' passports [85]
  • Jadwiga and Stanislaw Solecki, hid a Jewish girl, Marlena Wagner, at their house for at least 24 months in Korczyna
  • Barbara and son Jerzy Szacki, harboured a pregnant Ghetto fugitive with a 5-year-old, helped with the newborn [86]
  • Józef and Wiktoria Ulma from Markowa, harbored 8 Jews, killed together with them, and their own 6 children by German police [87]
  • Czesław Miłosz, took in Tross family and supported them financially 
  • Rudolf Weigl, made and supplied vaccines to two Jewish ghettos, employed Jews in hiding [88]
  • Henryk Woliński, harbored 25 Jews in his apartment, helped 283 (AK BIP) [89]
  • Paweł Zenon Woś, together with his parents, Paweł and Anna, smuggled 12 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto
  • Jerzy Zagórski and wife Maria, harbored 18 Jews in their home before the Warsaw Uprising [90]
  • Jan Żabiński and wife Antonina, sheltered hundreds of displaced Jews at his Warsaw Zoo [91][92]
{{div col end}}{{col-break|width=220px}}
{{col-end}}

See also

  • Stanisława Leszczyńska: a Polish midwife at the Auschwitz concentration camp
  • History of the Jews in 20th-century Poland
  • Holocaust in Poland
  • "Polish death camp" controversy

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/pdf-drupal/poland.pdf|title=Righteous Among the Nations Honored by Yad Vashem|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html|title=Names of Righteous by Country {{!}} www.yadvashem.org|website=www.yadvashem.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-29}}
3. ^Donald L. Niewyk, Francis R. Nicosia, The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-231-11200-9}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PA114&dq=death+penalty+for+hiding+jews+poland&sig=wumrr-KOP-ClsiD4N789kSI_yEo Google Print, p.114]
4. ^Antony Polonsky, 'My Brother's Keeper?': Recent Polish Debates on the Holocaust, Routledge, 1990, {{ISBN|0-415-04232-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uceq22StcZUC&pg=PA149&dq=death+penalty+for+hiding+jews+poland&sig=QPuzs4vLrWKyx2agq189mJBjYxc Google Print, p.149]
5. ^Iwo Pogonowski, Jews in Poland, Hippocrene, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7818-0604-6}}. Page 99.
6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.lcje-na.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/What_We_Choose_to_Remember.pdf | title=Remembering the Response of the Catholic Church | publisher=University of Portland | work=History 1933 – 1948. What we choose to remember | year=2011 | accessdate=21 June 2013 | author=Margaret Monahan Hogan, ed. | pages=85–97 | format=PDF file, direct download 1.36 MB}}
7. ^Cypora (Jablon) Zonszajn in Siedlce, Poland. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/BiblPt2.htm |title=Jerzy Jan Lerski. From biography featured in ''Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945'' |publisher=Web.ku.edu |date=27 December 2012}}
9. ^1 Martin Gilbert. The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust. Macmillan, 2003. [https://books.google.com/books?id=s18psZJJjbYC&pg=PA101&vq=%22leaving+the+ghettos%22&dq=polish+jews+rescue+numbers&lr=&source=gbs_search_s pp 101].
10. ^1 {{cite book |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |coauthors= |title=Poland's Holocaust |year=1997 |editor= |page=117 |chapter=Assistance to Jews | chapterurl = |publisher=McFarland & Company |location= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA117&vq=%22Committee+for+Rendering+Assistance+to+Jews%22&dq=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota |accessdate= |authorlink= Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}
11. ^1 Andrzej Sławiński, Those who helped Polish Jews during WWII. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Last accessed on 14 March 2008.
12. ^1 2 Franciszek Piper. "The Number of Victims" in Gutman, Yisrael & Berenbaum, Michael. Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press, 1994; this edition 1998, p. 62.
13. ^1 Dariusz Libionka, "Polska ludność chrześcijańska wobec eksterminacji Żydów—dystrykt lubelski," in Dariusz Libionka, Akcja Reinhardt: Zagłada Żydów w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie (Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej–Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, 2004), p.325. {{pl icon}}
14. ^1 John T. Pawlikowski, Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust, in, [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&pg=PA110&vq=%22council+for+aid+to+the+Jews%22&dq=rescue+Jews+Poland+communities&source=gbs_search_s Google Print, p. 113] in Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003, {{ISBN|0-8135-3158-6}}
15. ^1 2 The Righteous and their world. Markowa through the lens of Józef Ulma, by Mateusz Szpytma, Institute of National Remembrance
16. ^1 {{cite book |author=Tadeusz Piotrowski |coauthors= |title=Poland's Holocaust |year=1997 |editor= |page=118 |chapter=Assistance to Jews | chapterurl = |publisher=McFarland & Company |location= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA118&vq=%22half+were+aided%22&dq=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota |accessdate= |authorlink= Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist) |isbn=0-7864-0371-3}}
17. ^1 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Wystawa „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata”– 15 czerwca 2004 r., Rzeszów. "Polacy pomagali Żydom podczas wojny, choć groziła za to kara śmierci – o tym wie większość z nas." (Exhibition "Righteous among the Nations." Rzeszów, 15 June 2004. Subtitled: "The Poles were helping Jews during the war – most of us already know that.") Last actualization 8 November 2008. {{pl icon}}
18. ^1 Jolanta Chodorska, ed., "Godni synowie naszej Ojczyzny: Świadectwa," Warsaw, Wydawnictwo Sióstr Loretanek, 2002, Part Two, pp.161–62. {{ISBN|83-7257-103-1}} {{pl icon}}
19. ^1 Kalmen Wawryk, To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account (Montreal: The Concordia University Chair in Canadian Jewish Studies, and The Montreal Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies, 1999), pp.66–68, 71.
20. ^1 Bartoszewski and Lewinówna, Ten jest z ojczyzny mojej, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak, 1969, pp.533–34.
21. ^1 Moroz and Datko, Męczennicy za wiarę 1939–1945, pp.385–86 and 390–91. Stanisław Łukomski, “Wspomnienia,” in Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 5–7 (May–July) 1974: p.62; Witold Jemielity, “Martyrologium księży diecezji łomżyńskiej 1939–1945,” in Rozporządzenia urzędowe Łomżyńskiej Kurii Diecezjalnej, no. 8–9 (August–September) 1974: p.55; Jan Żaryn, “Przez pomyłkę: Ziemia łomżyńska w latach 1939–1945.” Conversation with Rev. Kazimierz Łupiński from Szumowo parish, Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, no. 8–9 (September–October 2002): pp.112–17. In Mark Paul, Wartime Rescue of Jews. Page 252.
22. ^1 2 Gunnar S. Paulsson, "The Rescue of Jews by Non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland,” published in The Journal of Holocaust Education, volume 7, nos. 1 & 2 (summer/autumn 1998): pp.19–44. Reprinted in: "Collective Rescue Efforts of the Poles," p. 256. Quoted in:{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/docs/clergy_rescue.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 May 2012 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/docs/clergy_rescue.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2008 }} compiled by Mark Paul, with selected bibliography; the Polish Educational Foundation in North America, Toronto 2007
23. ^1 David M. Crowe, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LB_HLHJ_J64C&pg=PA180&dq=%22Tadeusz+Pankiewicz%22+%22Under+the+Eagle%22&ei=ny1USJusD6OQjgG9yYGCDA&sig=5FD0-Y75BVC6ZwAnvNKpsI3Rp6U The Holocaust: Roots, History, and Aftermath.] Published by Westview Press. Page 180.
24. ^1 2 3 Anna Poray, {{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/av.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2 September 2012 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301233701/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/av.htm |archivedate=1 March 2008 }}
25. ^1 FKCh "ZNAK" – 1999–2008,{{cite web|url=http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=wydarzenia&id=813 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=11 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325024321/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=wydarzenia&id=813 |archivedate=25 March 2007 }} 24 July 2003, from the Internet Archive
26. ^1 Anna Poray, {{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 February 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
27. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |title="Saving Jews: Polish Righteous" (b-v): Banasiewicz family including Franciszek, Magdalena, Maria, Tadeusz and Jerzy |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=6 February 2008 |accessdate=27 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
28. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 February 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/bv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
29. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/wv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 June 2006 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/wv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }} Armia Krajowa mayor.
30. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/dv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/dv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
31. ^1 Monika Scislowska, Associated Press, 12 May 2008, {{cite news | url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,355055,00.html | title = Irena Sendler, Holocaust hero dies at 98 | accessdate = 2 November 2012}}
32. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/fv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=10 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/fv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}, 2004.
33. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/index.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=6 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/index.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
34. ^1 2 3 The HolocaustForgotten.com, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120111085441/http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/list.htm "Righteous of the World: Polish citizens killed while helping Jews During the Holocaust."] By Chaim Chefer. Source: Those That Helped, 1996.
35. ^1 Anna Poray, {{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/kv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=19 March 2015 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/kv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
36. ^1 Gunnar S. Paulsson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vjJimC--9-kC&pg=PA128&dq=%22penalty+for+helping+jews%22#PPA129,M1 Secret City. The Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940–1945.] Yale University Press, 2002.
37. ^1 Peggy Curran, "Pole to be honoured for sheltering Jews from Gestapo," Reprinted by the Canadian Foundation of Polish-Jewish Heritage, Montreal Chapter. Station Cote St.Luc, C. 284, Montreal QC, Canada H4V 2Y4. First published: Montreal Gazette, 5 August 2003, and: Montreal Gazette, 10 December 1994.
38. ^1 Robert D. Cherry, Annamaria Orla-Bukowska, Rethinking Poles and Jews: Troubled Past, Brighter Future, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, {{ISBN|0-7425-4666-7}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vkLTSB7NHwgC&pg=PA5&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=dscASPzyLZjWyASY5pi1DA&sig=nedPlTyt1ENbsExRcqoi_ZeaIbI Google Print, p.5]
39. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/kv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=19 March 2015 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/kv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
40. ^1 Mordecai Paldiel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YCz0J-8HIIMC&pg=PA184&dq=%22the+death+penalty+was+enlarged+to+apply+to+those+who+help+Jews+in+any+way%22&sig=g0KFOm4ABbDgPp_kGYVMuHAz-bA The Path of the Righteous: Gentile Rescuers of Jews], page 184. Published by KTAV Publishing House Inc.
41. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/av.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2 September 2012 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/av.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
42. ^1 Unveiling the Secret City H-Net Review: John Radzilowski
43. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://sunday.niedziela.pl/artykul.php?nr=200409&dz=z_historii&id_art=00022 |title=Sunday – Catholic Magazine |publisher=Sunday.niedziela.pl |date= |accessdate=7 October 2011}}
44. ^1 Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: Poland
45. ^1 www.mateusz.pl – interview with Konrad Rudnicki (Polish)
46. ^1 2 [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/righteous1.html “Righteous Among the Nations” by country] at Jewish Virtual Library
47. ^1 John T. Pawlikowski. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Iiw0KB31rgC&pg=PA110&dq=%22without+sufficient+documentary+evidence%22 Polish Catholics and the Jews during the Holocaust: Heroism, Timidity, and Collaboration.] In: Joshua D. Zimmerman, Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath, Rutgers University Press, 2003.
48. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/docs/clergy_rescue.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 May 2012 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/docs/clergy_rescue.pdf |archivedate=6 February 2008 }} Polish Educational Foundation in North America, Toronto 2007. "Collective Rescue Efforts of the Poles", (pdf file: 1.44 MB).
49. ^Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, "Jedwabne: The Politics of Apology", presented at the Panel Jedwabne – A Scientific Analysis, Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, Inc., 8 June 2002, Georgetown University, Washington DC.
50. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/pv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=5 July 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/pv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
51. ^1 London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie [1941] ,Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej.
52. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/wv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 June 2006 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/wv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
53. ^1 Kystyna Danko, Poland; International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation
54. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/zv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/zv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }} . 2004
55. ^1 W. Bartoszewski and Z. Lewinowna, Appeal by the Polish Underground Association For Aid to the Jews, Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority, 2004.
56. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/zv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=15 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/zv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
57. ^1 Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority 2008, The Righteous: Anna Borkowska, Poland
58. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/fv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=10 June 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/fv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
59. ^1 About Maria Fedecka at www.mariafedecka.republika.pl, 2005
60. ^1 Anna Poray,{{cite web|url=http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/gv.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=25 August 2008 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org/righteous/gv.htm |archivedate=6 February 2008 }}
61. ^1 The Righteous Among the Nations, Yad Vashem
62. ^1 Sylwia Kesler, Halina and Julian Grobelny as Righteous Among the Nations
63. ^1 Mordecai Paldiel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=psleDQml1WsC&lpg=PA209&ots=v-afn4M9Oy&dq=%22Churches%20and%20the%20Holocaust%22%20%22Matylda%20Getter%22%20%22550%22&pg=PA209#v=onepage&q=%22Churches%20and%20the%20Holocaust%22%20%22Matylda%20Getter%22%20%22550%22&f=false "Churches and the Holocaust: unholy teaching, good samaritans, and reconciliation"] p.209-210, KTAV Publishing House, Inc., 2006, {{ISBN|0-88125-908-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88125-908-7}}
64. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.auschwitz.org.pl/new/pdf/kotarba-mk-en.pdf |title=Maria Kotarba at www.auschwitz.org.pl |publisher=Auschwitz.org.pl |date= |accessdate=27 December 2012}}
65. ^1 Curtis M. Urness, Sr. & Terese Pencak Schwartz, Irene Gut Opdyke: She Hid Polish Jews Inside a German Officers' Villa, at Holocaust Forgotten.com
66. ^1 Grzegorz Łubczyk, FKCh "ZNAK" 1999–2008, Henryk Slawik – Our Raoul Wallenberg {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230807/http://www.forum-znak.org.pl/index-en.php?t=przeglad&id=1322 |date=27 September 2007 }}, Trybuna 120 (3717), 24 May 2002, p. Aneks 204, p. A, F.
67. ^1 Holocaust Memorial Center, 1988 – 2007, Opdyke, Irene; Righteous Gentile
68. ^1 [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Stefan.html Stefan Jagodzinski] at the www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
69. ^1 Poles Honoured by Israel, Warsaw Life news agency
70. ^1 Michael T. Kaufman, Jan Karski warns the West about Holocaust, The New York Times, 15 July 2000
71. ^1 Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority, The Tree in Honor of Zegota, 2008
72. ^1 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2008, The Righteous Among the Nations, 28 June 2003
73. ^1 March of the Living International, The Warsaw Ghetto {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605130811/http://www.motl.org/resource/curriculum/curriculum_7.htm |date=5 June 2011 }}
74. ^1 Stefania and her younger sister Helena Podgorska, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C., 2008
75. ^1 Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, „Sprawiedliwi wśród Narodów Świata” – Warszawa, 7 stycznia 2004
76. ^1 Yad Vashem Remembrance Authority, 2008, Hiding in Zoo Cages; Jan & Antonina Zabinski, Poland
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References

  • Polish Righteous at the Museum of the History of Polish Jews
  • Anna Poray, {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206114319/http://www.savingjews.org |date=6 February 2008 |title="Saving Jews: Polish Righteous. Those Who Risked Their Lives," }} with photographs and bibliography, 2004. List of Poles recognized as "Righteous among the Nations" by Israel's Yad Vashem (31 December 1999), with 5,400 awards including 704 of those who paid with their lives for saving Jews.
  • Piotr Zychowicz, Do Izraela z bohaterami: Wystawa pod Tel Awiwem pokaże, jak Polacy ratowali Żydów, Rp.pl, 18 November 2009 {{pl icon}}
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