“Lydia Dunn, Baroness Dunn”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Lydia Selina Dunn, Baroness Dunn, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|DBE}} JP(Hong Kong) ({{zh-t|鄧蓮如}}; born 29 February 1940) is a Hong Kong-born retired British businesswoman and politician. She became the first ethnic Chinese and the first woman from Hong Kong to be elevated to the peerage as a life peeress with the title and style of Baroness in 1990.

Launching her career in British firms Swire Group and HSBC Group, she was an Unofficial Member and then the Senior Member of the Executive Council and Legislative Council of Hong Kong in the 1980s and 1990s, witnessing the major events of Hong Kong including the Sino-British Joint Declaration and the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. She is best known in Hong Kong for her part in (unsuccessfully) lobbying for the people of Hong Kong to have the right of abode in the United Kingdom after the Handover of Hong Kong on 1 July 1997, and she remained influential until her retirement from Hong Kong politics in 1995.

From 1990 to 2010, she also served as a member of the House of Lords, the first person of Chinese origin to assume such position. She resigned from the House of Lords in 2010 following the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 which effectively disallows "Non-Doms" from sitting in either House of the British Parliament.

Early life, business and public career

Dunn was born in Hong Kong to refugee parents from China. She was educated at the St. Paul's Convent School in Hong Kong, and at the College of the Holy Names and at the University of California, Berkeley. Upon her return to Hong Kong, she was hired by the Swire Group where she kept rising to the directorships of the John Swire and Sons (HK) Ltd., Swire Pacific Ltd., and Cathay Pacific Airways. In 1981, she became the first woman to sit on the director board of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank.^[1] From 1992 to 2008, she was the bank's deputy chairman.

Dunn also served on many public positions, including the chairmanship of the Trade Development Council from 1983 to 1991. In that capacity, she led missions abroad to promote Hong Kong textile and clothing products as well as stood firm against protectionism in her report for the Trade Policy Research Centre in 1983 on 'Protectionism and the Asian-Pacific Region'.^[2] She was also the director of the Mass Transit Railway Corporation from 1979 to 1985 and served as the chairman of the Prince Philip Dental Hospital from 1981 to 1987, during the formative years of the University of Hong Kong’s Faculty of Dentistry.^[1]

Political career

Dunn first entered Hong Kong politics when she was made an Unofficial Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1976 by Governor Murray MacLehose. In 1982, she was made an Unofficial Member of the Executive Council by Governor Edward Youde.^[1]

During the Sino-British negotiations over the Hong Kong sovereignty in the early 1980s, Dunn was part of the delegations of the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils led by Senior Unofficial Member of the Executive Council Sir Sze-yuen Chung to London and Beijing to meet with Margaret Thatcher and Deng Xiaoping to raise the concern for the Hong Kong people and to negotiate for a better deal for Hong Kong. However the Beijing authorities rejected the their idea that Hong Kong people had an independent role to play in the negotiations.^[5] From 1985 to 1988, she was the Senior Member of the Legislative Council. In 1988, she succeeded Chung to become the Senior Member of the Executive Council.

After the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration which ensured Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong after 1997, Dunn lobbied for the Hong Kong people's right of abode in Britain. She was best remembered in Hong Kong for breaking down to tears when she gave testimony on the issue of British nationality in Hong Kong before a British parliamentary committee on Hong Kong in May 1989 during the unstable situation given by the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China. Dunn called the British government "morally indefensible" to surrender "British citizens to a regime that did not hesitate to use its tanks and forces on its own people".^[1]^[2] Britain refused to bend its restrictive nationality policies, but eventually allowed about 50,000 Hong Kong families to become British citizens through the British Nationality Selection Scheme in 1990 after the Tiananmen massacre.

In May 1989, Dunn and some other Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils also initiated a moderate "OMELCO Consensus" model for the post-1997 political of electing the Chief Executive and the Legislative Council to the Basic Law Drafting Committee as an alternative model to the progressive model by the pro-democracy camp and the conservative hardliners from the business and professional group. However, after Beijing disapproval of the "OMELCO Consensus", Dunn softened her tone. In a House of Lords debate in 1992, Dunn described having more directly elected seats as "unwise", and talked of it as "reviving uncertainty, tension and discord in our community." She also said that "for the British Government to put a request to the Chinese Government, asking for democracy -- that, too, will be improper."^[3]

After Chris Patten's arrival as the last Governor of Hong Kong in 1992, Dunn supported Patten's proposal of the divorce of Executive Council and Legislative Council to achieve check and balance. After Patten's reshuffle of the Executive Council, Dunn became the onlyremaining remember. She became more outwardly discreet during the Patten governorship. It was widely speculated that she had lost her influence in politics due to her disagreement with Patten's confrontational style dealing with the Chinese as compared to her consensual approach. In 1995, two years before the Chinese rule, Dunn announced her retirement from Hong Kong politics which sparked the speculation whether she believed in the territory's future after 1997.^[4]

Despite the former British-appointed politicians finding new favour with the Beijing authorities ahead of 1997, Dunn went against the trend by reinforcing ties with Britain, remaining in the House of Lords where she was appointed when she was created Baroness in 1990 and also by maintaining high-profile positions in British companies including HSBC Holdings.^[5] In 1996, she relocated to Britain with her British husband Michael Thomas, former Attorney General of Hong Kong.

Dunn rarely sat or spoke in the House of Lords until her ultimate resignation from the British upper house or second chamber in pursuance of the Constitutional Reform and Governance Act 2010 in order to protect her own "Non-Dom" status.^[6]

Personal life

Dunn is married to Michael David Thomas, former Attorney General of Hong Kong in 1988. Dunn have four stepchildren from Thomas's previous marriage. She has reportedly lived in London since 1996. In 2010, Dunn auctioned 160 items from her private art collection at Christie's, with lots reportedly valued at up to GBP30,000 (HK$354,000) each.^[6]

Honours

For her services to Hong Kong, Dunn was made an OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in 1978, and then a CBE (Commander) in 1983. In 1989, she was appointed DBE (Dame Commander), reportedly the first from Hong Kong to have such an honour. One year later, she became the first ethnic Chinese and the first woman from Hong Kong to be elevated to the British peerage in the Queen Elizabeth II’s 1990 Birthday Honours. She was introduced to the House of Lords as Baroness Dunn of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong and of Knightsbridge in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Dunn was also awarded the Prime Minister of Japan's Trade Award in 1987 and the United States' Secretary of Commerce award in 1988.^[1]^[2]

In 1991, she was conferred an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws by the University of Hong Kong.^[7] She also received Doctor of Science honoris causa by the University of Buckingham in 1995.^[8]

Publication

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|title=Hong Kong Journal; A Plea to the Motherland: Listen to Your Heart|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/15/world/hong-kong-journal-a-plea-to-the-motherland-listen-to-your-heart.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=15 May 1989}}
2. ^{{cite book|title=A Concise History of Hong Kong|first=John M.|last=Carroll|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2007}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Hong Kong Hansard|url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr91-92/english/lc_sitg/hansard/h920624.pdf|work=Legislative Council of Hong Kong|date=24 June 1992}}
4. ^{{cite news|title=Dunn shock absorbed|date=16 June 1995|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/121250/dunn-shock-absorbed}}
5. ^¹{{cite news|title=Baroness who kept Hong Kong spirits up admits she will leave|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baroness-who-kept-hong-kong-spirits-up-admits-she-will-leave-1587035.html|date=17 June 1997|newspaper=Independent}}
6. ^¹{{cite news|title=Lydia Dunn gives up seat in House of Lords|url=http://www.scmp.com/article/719193/lydia-dunn-gives-seat-house-lords|newspaper=South China Morning Post|date=9 July 2010}}
7. ^¹²³⁴{{cite web|title=The Rt Hon the Baroness Dunn|work=University of Hong Kong|url=http://www4.hku.hk/hongrads/index.php/archive/graduate_detail/32}}
8. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/international/aboutdept/hongrads/dunn.html|title=Baroness Lydia Dunn|work=University of Buckingham|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210215749/http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/international/aboutdept/hongrads/dunn.html|archivedate=10 February 2006|df=dmy-all}}

External links