词条 | Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith |
释义 |
The local chapter of the NAACP had tried to evacuate the suspects from town to avoid the mob violence, but were not successful. The NAACP and the State's Attorney General pressed to indict leaders of the lynch mob, but, as was typical in lynchings, no one was ever charged for their deaths, nor for the attack on Cameron.[2] Cameron was later convicted and sentenced as an accessory to murder before the fact. He served some time in prison, then pursued work and an education. After dedicating his life to civil rights activism, in 1991 Cameron was pardoned by the state of Indiana.[3] IncidentThe three suspects had been arrested the night before, charged with robbing and murdering a white factory worker, Claude Deeter, and raping his girlfriend, Mary Ball, who was with him at the time. A large crowd broke into the jail with sledgehammers, pulled out the three suspects, beating them and hanging them. When Abram Smith tried to free himself from the noose as his body was hauled up, he was lowered and men broke his arms to prevent such efforts. Police officers in the crowd cooperated in the lynching. A third person, 16-year-old James Cameron, narrowly escaped death before being strung up, thanks to an unidentified woman who said that the youth had nothing to do with the rape or murder.[4] A local studio photographer, Lawrence Beitler, took a photograph of the dead men hanging from a tree surrounded by the large lynch mob;[5] the crowd was estimated at 5,000 and included women and children. He sold thousands of copies of the photograph in the next ten days.[6] Mary Ball later testified that she had not been raped. According to Cameron's 1982 memoir, the police had originally accused all three men of murder and rape. After the lynchings, and Mary Ball's testimony, the rape charge was dropped against Cameron. He said in interviews that Shipp and Smith had shot and killed Claude Deeter.[1] Flossie Bailey, a local NAACP official in Marion, and the State Attorney General worked to gain indictments against leaders of the mob in the lynchings, but were unsuccessful. No one was ever charged in the murders of Shipp and Smith, nor the assault on Cameron.[2] James Cameron was tried in 1931 as an accessory to murder before the fact, convicted and sentenced to state prison for several years. After being released on parole, he moved to Detroit, where he worked and went to college. In the 1940s he returned to Indiana, working as a civil rights activist and heading a state agency for equal rights. In the 1950s he moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. There in 1988 he founded America's Black Holocaust Museum, for African-American history and documentation of lynchings of African Americans.[3] Legacy
Notes1. ^1 David Bradley, "Anatomy of a Murder: Review of Cynthia Carr's Our Town", The Nation, 24 May 2006, accessed 06 September 2015. 2. ^1 Monroe H. Little, Review of James Madison's A Lynching in the Heartland, History-net, accessed 11 June 2014 3. ^1 James Cameron Holocaust Museum founder, African American Registry, 2006, accessed 15 July 2008 4. ^Cameron discussed these events in his memoir, A Time of Terror (1982). Relevant passages are quoted in several of the "External links" below, including photo notes from the book and website, Without Sanctuary and Legends of America {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911211837/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/LA-Lynching9.html |date=2005-09-11 }}. Other accounts are in James Madison's book, A Lynching in the Heartland, listed in the "Further reading" section below. 5. ^ 6. ^"Lawrence Beitler, a studio photographer, took this photo. For ten days and nights he printed thousands of copies, which sold for fifty cents apiece." from A Time of Terror, quoted in Legends of America, see previous note. See also Lynching in the Heartland, chapter 6, which discusses the photograph in detail. 7. ^Holiday's autobiography credits her with co-authoring the song, but other sources say Meeropol wrote his own music. [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/strangefruit/film.html "Strange Fruit"], Independent Lens, PBS 8. ^Walker, Janelle (May 19, 2016). "Racism 'Abhorrent and Awful' Says Mural Artist", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2016. 9. ^Casas, Gloria (May 21, 2016). "City Crew Removes, Relocates Controversial Downtown Mural", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2016. 10. ^1 Walker, Janelle (June 14, 2016). "Elgin Arts Commission Recommends Removing Mural from Public Display", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 15, 2016. 11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/news/20180511/elgin-artist-asks-city-to-return-controversial-lynching-mural-to-him|title=Elgin artist asks city to return controversial 'lynching mural' to him|last=Ferrarin|first=Elena|work=Daily Herald|access-date=2018-05-17|language=en-US}} Further reading
External links
10 : Year of birth missing|1930 deaths|1930 murders in the United States|People murdered in Indiana|Murdered African-American people|Lynching deaths in Indiana|Racially motivated violence against African Americans|People from Marion, Indiana|August 1930 events|African-American history of Indiana |
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