| 词条 | Post-Soviet transition in Ukraine |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Ukraine | native_name = {{native name|uk|Україна|italics=no|icon=no}} {{small|Ukrayina}} | common_name = Ukraine | demonym = Ukrainian | p1 = Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic | flag_p1 = Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | p2 = Soviet Union | flag_p2 = Flag of the Soviet Union.svg | s1 = Ukraine | flag_s1 = Flag of Ukraine.svg | image_flag = Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.svg | image_flag2 = Flag of Ukraine.svg | flag_type = Top: Flag (1991–92) Bottom: Flag (1992–96) | image_coat = Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg | symbol = Coat of Arms of Ukraine | symbol_type = Emblem (1992–96) | image_map = Europe-Ukraine.svg | title_leader = President | leader1 = Leonid Kravchuk | year_leader1 = 1991–1994 (first) | leader2 = Leonid Kuchma | year_leader2 = 1994–1996 (last) | title_representative = Prime Minister | representative1 = Vitold Fokin | year_representative1 = 1991–1992 (first) | representative2 = Pavlo Lazarenko | year_representative2 = 1996 (last) | legislature = Verkhovna Rada[1] | common_languages = Ukrainiana[2]{{·}}Russian[3] | event_pre = Sovereignty declared | date_pre = 16 June 1990 | event_start = Independence declared | date_start = 24 August | year_start = 1991 | event1 = Referendum | date_event1 = 1 December 1991 | event2 = Belavezha Accords | date_event2 = 10 December 1991 | event3 = Independence recognized | date_event3 = 26 December 1991 | event_end = New Constitution | date_end = 28 June | year_end = 1996 | capital = Kiev | government_type = Unitary semi-presidential Transitional government | stat_year1 = 1991 | stat_pop1 = 51706746 | stat_area1 = 603700 | currency = Ukrainian karbovanets | today = {{flag|Ukraine}} {{flag|Russia}} (disputed) }}{{Ukrainian statehood}} The post-Soviet transition in Ukraine was established following the country's independence in 1991 up until the adoption of its constitution in 1996. GeographyUkraine's territory (including the Crimean Peninsula) was the same as that of the Ukrainian SSR with a land area of about {{convert|603700|km2}}. HistoryIndependence{{further|Declaration of Independence of Ukraine|Ukrainian independence referendum, 1991}}The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the founding states of the Soviet Union (USSR). In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became head of state of the USSR and introduced a number of policies, such as the perestroika and glasnost. Instead of saving the Soviet regime, the reforms triggered a number of popular upheavals in Europe, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Between 1990 and 1991, several republics of the Soviet Union proclaimed their state sovereignty and then announced their independence. On July 16, 1990, the Ukrainian SSR's parliament issued its 12th legislation proclaiming the sovereignty of Ukraine's territory and the country eventually declared its independence on August 24, 1991. The declaration was then confirmed by the results of the referendum on December 1 later that year, where 90,3 % of voters were in favor of independence.[4] The same day, Leonid Kravchuk, head of the Supreme Council of Ukraine, was elected as the country's first president. Following his election, an economic then political crisis developed and Kravchuk organized another presidential election as a response.[4] Crisis in Crimea{{see also|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}}{{Expand section|date=April 2014}}End of the transitional period{{see also|Ukrainian presidential election, 1994}}In 1994, Leonid Kuchma was elected by 52% of the voters. He started implementing certain economic reforms paving the way for aid by the International Monetary Fund. However, Kuchma fails to obtain a majority in the following legislative election by parliament and had to share power with the opposition. The 13th legislation was issued by parliament on June 28, 1996, where a constitution was adopted and took effect immediately afterwards. The country's official name became "Ukraine" instead of "Republic of Ukraine".[4] References1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=BNUtdVrw6lIC&pg=PA722&dq=Verkhovna+Rada+named+before+1990&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=d5gBUc3JJOKt0QWB3oDQDA&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Verkhovna%20Rada%20named%20before%201990&f=false History of Ukraine - The Land and Its Peoples] by Paul Robert Magocsi, University of Toronto Press, 2010, {{ISBN|1442640855}} {{Ukraine topics}}{{coord|50|27|N|30|30|E|type:county|display=title}}2. ^Law of Ukraine "About languages of the Ukrainian SSR" 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn3xDTiL0PQC&pg=PA1&dq=official+languages+Soviet+Union&client=firefox-a&cd=6#v=onepage&q=%22official%20language%22&f=false Language Policy in the Soviet Union] by Lenore Grenoble, Springer Science+Business Media, 2003, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-1298-3}}. 4. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Ukraine_vie_politique_depuis_1991/187636|title=Ukraine: vie politique depuis 1991|publisher=Larousse}} 2 : Post-Soviet states|History of Ukraine |
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