| 词条 | Postville raid |
| 释义 |
The Postville raid was a raid at the Agriprocessors, Inc. kosher slaughterhouse and meat packing plant in Postville, Iowa, on May 12, 2008, executed by the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) division of the Department of Homeland Security together with other agencies, the largest single raid of a workplace in U.S. history until then. On that day, ICE deployed 900 agents and arrested 398 employees, 98% of whom were Latino. According to reports at the time, "agents used presumed race/ethnicity to identify suspected undocumented immigrants, allegedly handcuffing all employees assumed to be Latino until their immigration status was verified"[1]. Men were detained at the National Cattle Congress in Waterloo, Iowa, women were detained in county jails, and detainees were chained together and arraigned in groups of 10 for felony charges of aggravated identity theft, document fraud, use of stolen Social Security numbers, and related offenses. Some 300 were convicted on the document fraud charges within four days as part of a plea bargain. 297 of them served a five-month prison sentence before being deported. The Supreme Court later ruled that undocumented workers cannot be charged with aggravated identity theft unless it was established that they knew that they had used an authentic Social Security number, prompting calls by some immigration attorneys and members of Congress to dismiss previous convictions against immigrants for aggravated identity theft and consider dismissing the guilty pleas sought against the Postville workers.[1] Several employees and lower and middle level managers were convicted on charges of conspiracy to harbor illegal immigrants, aggravated identity theft, and child labor law violations, among others, serving prison sentences between 60 days and 41 months. Neither the owner, Aaron Rubashkin, nor his sons Sholom and Heshy, who were in charge of the management of Agriprocessors, were convicted of immigration or labor law violations, although both Aaron and son Sholom were initially charged with 9,311 counts of child labor law violation, for which they could have faced over 700 years in prison if found guilty.[2] All charges against Aaron were dropped right before the trial was scheduled to begin,[3] and after a five-week trial Sholom was acquitted on all charges of violating child labor laws.[4] His case was later completely expunged from Iowa state records.[5] Financial irregularities brought to light by the raid and subsequent investigations led to a conviction of the plant's chief executive Sholom on bank fraud and related charges. He was sentenced to 27 years in prison, but after an outcry of a bipartisan group of more than 100 former high-ranking and distinguished Department of Justice (DOJ) officials, prosecutors, judges, and legal scholars who expressed concern with the evidentiary proceedings in his case as well as with the severity of his sentence.[6] On December 20, 2017, President Trump commuted his sentence to time served,[7] and his trial on immigration charges was canceled. RaidWith helicopters, buses and vans, hundreds of federal officials from the ICE together with agents and officers of other federal, state, and local agencies, raided the meat packing plant in the morning hours of 12 May 2008, seizing company records and arresting 389 individuals.[8] According to the U.S. attorney's office for the Northern District of Iowa, those arrested included "290 Guatemalans, 93 Mexicans, 2 Israelis and 4 Ukrainians". Eighteen were juveniles.[9] According to a retired federal agent, a raid on Agriprocessors expected to lead to the arrest of about 100 illegal workers mostly from Eastern Europe was planned in 2000, and canceled at the last moment over political concerns.[10] The 2008 raid was planned for months. An affidavit the Homeland Security Department filed in court before the raid cited "...the issuance of 697 criminal complaints and arrest warrants against persons believed to be current employees," and to have acted criminally.[11] The affidavit cited unnamed sources who alleged that the company employed 15-year-old children, that supervisors helped cash checks for workers with false documents, and pressured workers without documents to purchase vehicles and register them in other names. It also cited a case in which a supervisor blindfolded a Guatemalan worker and allegedly struck him with a meat hook, causing no serious injury. Sources quoted in the affidavit and application for search warrant also alleged the existence of a methamphetamine laboratory at the slaughterhouse, and that employees carried weapons to work.[9] Later press reports do not indicate that a methamphetamine laboratory was found during the search. The arrested workers were taken to a nearby fairground, the National Cattle Congress in Waterloo, Iowa, where they were charged with aggravated identity theft, a criminal offense that carries a mandatory two years sentence, and briefed on their rights and options. The immigrant workers, most of them without prior criminal records, were offered a plea agreement in exchange for a guilty plea to lesser charges. 297 accepted the agreement and pleaded guilty to document fraud. In an expedited procedure known as "fast track", hearings were scheduled over the course of the following three days, in which the judges took guilty pleas from the defendants, who were bound by handcuffs at the wrists as well as chains from their upper torso to their ankles, in groups of ten, and sentenced them immediately, five at a time.[12] Most of the workers were sentenced to five months in prison[13] and were deported afterwards. Before this raid, undocumented people who had no prior records were usually not criminally charged in the aftermath of a raid, and were instantly deported on civil immigration violations.[12] Forty-one of those arrested were allowed to remain in the USA, being granted a special visa, known as U-visa, for those who suffered violent abuse.[17] The Rubashkin family, ultra-Orthodox Jews of the Lubavitcher hasidic movement, who owned and operated Agriprocessors, has denied any knowledge of criminal activity. Aaron Rubashkin, the owner of the company said that he had no idea that his workers were illegal and that they had produced what appeared to be legitimate work documents.[14] Getzel Rubashkin, one of his grandsons who worked at the plant, was reported as saying: "Obviously some of the people here were presenting false documents. Immigration authorities somehow picked it up and they did what they are supposed to do, they came and picked them up. God bless them for it."[19] According to the ICE, costs of the raid totaled $5,211,092 as of August 21, 2008, not including costs associated with the U.S. Attorney's Office, the U.S. Department of Labor or local Postville authorities.[15] ImpactThe raid significantly affected the Postville community. The town, with a census population of only 2,273,[16] lost a large percentage of its population due to the arrests.[17] As a result of the difficulties Agriprocessors faced after the raid, the plant stopped slaughtering cattle in October 2008, and filed for bankruptcy on November 5, 2008.[18] The City Council declared Postville a humanitarian and economic disaster area, but federal officials said the town did not qualify for help.[19] Agriprocessors was bought at auction in July 2009 and has resumed production under the new name "Agri Star" on a smaller scale.[20] Several Agriprocessors employees and managers were indicted on charges of conspiracy to harbor illegal immigrants and were convicted, whereas related charges brought against the owner, Aaron Rubashkin, and his son and CEO of the company, Sholom Rubashkin, were dismissed. However, the financial irregularities that were brought to light by the raid and subsequent investigations led to a $35 million bank fraud charge against the plant's top manager Sholom Rubashkin, who was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in prison. Indictments and convictionsGuerrero-Espinoza and De La Rosa-LoeraIn late August 2008, Guerrero-Espinoza reached a deal with federal prosecutors and was sentenced to 36 months in federal prison. The plea deal allowed him to avoid deportation and for his wife and children to return to the US following his prison term. The sentence included a two-year mandatory ruling for aggravated identity theft. In March 2009, De La Rosa-Loera was sentenced to 23 months in federal prison.[23] After the Flores-Figueroa v. United States ruling of the Supreme Court issued on May 4, 2009, he made a request for the reduction of his sentence.[24] Aggravated identity theft charges had formerly been dismissed against human resources employee Laura Althouse, supervisor Brent Beebe and CEO Sholom Rubashkin, the motion contended.[25] Both Guerrero-Espinoza and De La Rosa-Loera, after being released from jail, have gone back to work at the meatpacking plant under the new ownership.[26] Aaron Rubashkin, Sholom Rubashkin, Billmeyer, Althouse, and FreundIn September 2008 Aaron Rubashkin, his son Sholom Rubashkin, as well as the company's human resources manager, Elizabeth Billmeyer, and two office employees, Laura Althouse and Karina Freund, were charged for child labor violations.[27] State child labor charges against Aaron Rubashkin were dropped, and he was never charged federally.[28] In October 2008, Althouse pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to harbor illegal aliens and one count of aggravated identity theft. She was sentenced to two years federal probation, Freund to one year of probation.[28] Billmeyer was sentenced to one year and one day in prison, to be followed by two years of supervised release for harboring undocumented aliens and accepting counterfeit resident alien cards. After she agreed to plead guilty to state child labor charges under an agreement with the state, her sentence was reduced to eight months.[28] Former human resources assistant Penny Hanson was sentenced to two years probation on January 7, 2010. In 2010, state child law charges were dropped against former Agriprocessors supervisor Jeff Heasley, who had his case separated from the other defendants.[29] On October 30, 2008, Sholom Rubashkin was arrested and charged with conspiracy to harbor undocumented aliens for profit, aiding and abetting document fraud, and aiding and abetting aggravated identity theft. He was released on conditions that he wear a GPS ankle bracelet, limit his travel to the Northern District of Iowa, surrender his passport and his wife′s passport, and provide a $1 million appearance bond with $500,000 to be secured. On November 14, 2008, he was arrested again on a charge of a $35 million bank fraud.[30] BeebeOn November 21, 2008, Sholom Rubashkin, Brent Beebe, one of two operations managers at the Agriprocessors plant, poultry managers Hosam Amara and Zeev Levi, and human resources employee Karina Freund were indicted with charges including conspiracy, harboring illegal aliens, aggravated identity theft, document fraud and bank fraud.[31] Beebe pleaded guilty in January 2010 to conspiracy to commit document fraud as part of a plea agreement with the government.[32] In the plea, Beebe admitted that he conspired with former vice president Sholom Rubashkin and others a week before the May 12, 2008 immigration raid at the plant to buy fake identification documents for 19 employees. He was sentenced to 10 months in prison on May 26, 2010. The charges against Freund were dismissed.[33] MeltzerOn May 26, 2010, Mitch Meltzer, the plant′s former head accountant, was sentenced to 41 months in prison after his conviction on a federal conspiracy charge. In late September 2009, he admitted that he conspired with others to make false statements to a bank and that he signed false financial records that were used to mislead the banks. In addition to the prison term, Meltzer was ordered to pay $26.9 million in restitution.[34] Meltzer had been hired by the meat plant′s new owner after having been dismissed by Agriprocessors′ government-appointed trustee, and remained at the company for several months after he pleaded guilty to financial fraud.[35] Amara and LeviFaced with federal charges Amara and Levi fled the USA.[36] Amara was arrested in Israel on March 31, 2011.[37] After unsuccessful appeals to avoid extradition from Israel, Amara was returned to Cedar Rapids, Iowa for trial on May 3, 2013.[38][39] He pleaded not guilty.[40] He faced 25 counts related to harboring workers who were in the country illegally and two counts related to document fraud for conspiring to provide false immigration papers. His trial was set for July 1, 2013, but delayed until August 19 by U.S. Magistrate Jon Scoles.[41] On August 29, 2013, Amara signed a plea deal, admitting that he "conspired with Agriprocessors CEO Sholom Rubashkin and other executives for at least five years before the raid to harbor immigrants 'knowing and in reckless disregard of the fact' they had come to the U.S. illegally." He pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to harbor undocumented immigrants for profit, which carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison, though federal sentencing guidelines called for a shorter term. The other counts in the indictment were dismissed.[42] Sholom RubashkinOn November 12, 2009, Sholom Rubashkin was convicted in federal court on 86 charges of financial fraud, including bank fraud, mail and wire fraud and money laundering.[43] On June 22, 2010, he was sentenced to serve 27 years in prison and to make $27 million in restitution.[44] On November 23, 2009, Sholom Rubashkin′s second federal trial on 72 immigration charges was canceled. After winning the financial fraud conviction, federal prosecutors dismissed all immigration-related charges against him. In its motion to dismiss, the U.S. Attorneys Office said any conviction on the immigration charges would not affect his sentence, writing, "dismissal will avoid an extended and expensive trial, conserve limited resources, and lessen the inconvenience to witnesses."[45] Without that trial, it is unlikely that much of the immigration-related evidence gathered at the Agriprocessors site following the raid, or much of the key witness testimony, will ever be publicly revealed.[24] On June 7, 2010, Sholom Rubashkin was acquitted in state court of knowingly hiring 29 underage workers at the plant.[46] On December 20, 2017, Sholom Rubashkin's sentence was commuted by President Donald Trump. Rubashkin had served 8 years of his 27 year sentence.[47] GarciaOn June 30, 2010, Alvaro Julian Garcia Jr., aged 73, was sentenced to 60 days in jail followed by two years of supervised release, for having registered vehicles that were sold to undocumented workers in Postville between 2004 and 2006 as part of a vehicle title scheme.[48] Public Health OutcomesThe post-Postville Raid environment was studied to determine whether racialized stressors may result in public health implications. A publication by Nicole L Novak, Arline T Geronimus, and Aresha M Martinez-Cardos found that infants born to Latina mothers in the state of Iowa after the raid had a 24% greater chance of low-birth weight when compared to infants born during the same period one year earlier. No such change was observed among infants born to White non-Latina mothers before and after the raid. The Raid provides a "natural experiment" in which to investigate the effects of targeted immigration enforcement on birth outcomes within a larger community. According to Novak et al, "The psychosocial, economic, communal and identity-based stressors activated by the Postville raid may have interfered with Latina mothers’ neuroendocrine balance and coping resources, leaving infants vulnerable to a dysregulated endocrine environment." They conclude that the Postville raid can demonstrate the effect of psychosocial stressors on health, and that "exclusive immigration policies and their militarized enforcement exacerbate the racialized exclusion of Latinos in the USA, which may contribute to a cumulative health burden for immigrant and USA-born Latinos alike."[49] ReactionsThe raid has received wide national publicity. Lawmakers and labor union representatives criticized the Bush administration as disproportionately targeting workers instead of employers.[9] Members of the Congressional Hispanic Caucus met with Agriprocessors′ workers and community leaders in Postville, and Congressional hearings were held before a subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee, which split largely across party lines in its reaction to the events of the raid.[50] Jewish organizations, reacting to the raid as well as to earlier criticism of Agriprocessors′ labor practices and slaughter methods, addressed questions of Jewish ethics, stressing the importance of the commandments (Hebrew: mitzvot) concerning the relationship between human beings (Hebrew: mitzvot ben adam l'havero), alongside those between human beings and God (Hebrew: mitzvot ben adam l'makom).[51] On the day of the raid, up to 200 protesters had gathered at National Cattle Congress in Waterloo and later held a vigil outside its gates on behalf of the detainees.[8] On July 27, 2008, a rally organized by St. Bridget′s Catholic Church in Postville, Jewish Community Action of Saint Paul, Minnesota, and the Jewish Council on Urban Affairs of Chicago was held in Postville to protest working conditions in the plant, and to call for Congressional legislation to give legal status to illegal immigrants.[52] About 1,000 people, including Catholic clergy members, rabbis and Jewish activists, and Hispanic immigrants held an interfaith service at St. Bridget′s Catholic Church, and marched through the center of town to the entrance of the meatpacking plant.[53] The first anniversary of the raid was marked by a prayer vigil followed by a procession to the National Cattle Congress grounds on May 11, 2009 in Waterloo,[54] on May 12, a prayer service and vigil at St. Bridget′s Catholic Church, followed by a procession to Agriprocessors, took place in Postville.[55] Both events were attended by representatives of Christian and Jewish faiths, who demonstrated their solidarity and spoke out for immigration reform. Prayer vigils were also held on the second anniversary of the raid in Waterloo and Postville.[56] In "response to the humanitarian and economic disaster" created by the raid, the "Postville Response Coalition", composed of community organizations, the faith community, and city and county government officials, was founded in November 2008 to help individuals and families.[57] It was dissolved on March 31, 2010, after the meatpacking plant had reopened under new ownership and the community began to recover from the raid and the subsequent closure of the plant.[58] A new organization called "Postville First" was created through the impetus of the "Postville Response Coalition".[59] Reactions of political figuresZoe Lofgren, Democratic member of the House of Representatives who chairs the House Judiciary Committee′s immigration panel, criticized the raid for the treatment of the workers during the raid itself, for subsequent "coercion" of guilty pleas, and for targeting workers rather than employers.[60] The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has criticized the three-day series of court hearings in the aftermath of the raid, and has published a copy of a "script" that attorneys were given to use in discussing possible plea agreements with their clients.[12] Officials from the office of United States Attorney Matt Dummermuth, whose staff assisted in the preparation of the documents used in the hearings, have defended the proceedings. Bob Teig, a spokesman for Dummermuth′s office, noted that the scripts were used only to ensure that the individuals being charged with crimes "...were fully advised of their rights and fully understood the consequences of their decisions to plead guilty."[12]Also, the raid and prosecutions took place while investigations of the Wage and Hour Division (WHD) of the Department of Labor (DOL) for possible violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act against Agriprocessors were underway. Concern was voiced, that the ICE raid may have affected the ability of the Department of Labor to conduct its investigation of the workplace, and that workers able to assist in the investigation or victims of possible violations may have been among those arrested. According to Democratic Representative from Iowa Bruce Braley, ICE claimed to have "fully coordinated its activities with other Federal agencies, including the Department of Labor prior to the May 12 operation at the Agriprocessors facility", whereas the Department of Labor stated in a letter of July 3, that, "'the raid occurred without the prior knowledge or participation of the Wage and Hour Division' and that, 'no advance notice was given to WHD or any other Department of Labor agency prior to the raid'. In addition, the DOL letter states that the May 12 enforcement action 'changes the complexion of WHD's investigation of Agriprocessors.'"[61] Iowa Governor Chet Culver criticised Agriprocessors in a guest editorial on August 24, 2008, comparing it to Upton Sinclair′s 1906 novel The Jungle: "Alarming information about working conditions at the Postville plant ... brought to national attention by the raid forces me to believe that, in contrast to our state's overall economic-development strategy, this company's owners have deliberately chosen to take the low road in its business practices."[62] One day later, then presidential candidate Barack Obama spoke out against Agriprocessors' managers, without mentioning Agriprocessors by name though, while campaigning in Iowa.[63] During Obama′s first year as president, raids on workplaces have been reduced, but deportations of illegal immigrants have increased by nearly 10 percent from the last year of the Bush presidency.[64] Reactions of Jewish organizationsSeveral Jewish organizations had voiced concern about Agriprocessors′ meat products meeting ethical standards of kashrut ever since the first criticisms of its slaughtering methods and working conditions were made public, the former by the animal rights organization PETA,[65] brought to the attention of the general public by the New York Times, in November 2004,[66] and the latter by the Jewish newspaper The Forward in 2006.[67] As a result of it, an ethical certification for kosher products, Heksher Tzedek (English: ethical certification), introduced by Rabbi Morris Allen, was endorsed in 2007 by the Rabbinical Assembly, the international association of Conservative rabbis.[68] After the raid, Modern Orthodox rabbis met in Los Angeles on May 18, 2008 to discuss creating a heksher (English: kosher certification) for ethical issues.[69] The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism and the Rabbinical Assembly on May 22, 2008 issued a statement, requesting "that consumers of kosher meat evaluate whether it is appropriate to buy and eat meat products produced by the Rubashkin's label", adding that "the allegations about the terrible treatment of workers employed by Rubashkin's have shocked and appalled members of the Conservative movement as well as all people of conscience. As kashrut seeks to diminish animal suffering and offer a humane method of slaughter, it is bitterly ironic that a plant producing kosher meat be guilty of inflicting any kind of human suffering."[70] On May 23, 2008, the Jewish Labor Committee went further and "urged consumers of kosher meat products to seek alternatives to the Rubashkin labels" until Agriprocessors lives up "to the responsibilities of corporate citizenship, ends its campaign of worker abuse, and respects the rights of its employees including their legal right to union representation."[71] The liberal orthodox Jewish organisation Uri L'Tzedek, (English: awaken to justice), founded in 2007, called for a boycott of Agriprocessors′ products,[72] which it lifted six weeks later, after Agriprocessors had appointed a former U.S. attorney as compliance officer and had promised changes in their treatment of workers,[73] even though the management had not been replaced, contrary to the announcement made by the plant′s owner immediately after the raid.[14] In September 2008, when the first criminal charges had been brought against Agriprocessors′ owner and managers, the Orthodox Union, the leading kosher certifier in the United States, threatened to withdraw its certification from the products of Agriprocessors, unless the company put a new management in place.[74]Ultra-Orthodox organizations did not take part in the discussion over ethical issues raised by the raid. After Sholom Rubashkin′s arrest, Orthodox rabbis showed their solidarity, but, according to the Forward, "most of the [ultra-]Orthodox rabbis who are supporting Rubashkin ... had never considered providing support to the immigrant workers. But Rabbi Shea Hecht, a Chabad rabbi ... said he wished he had done more in the raid′s immediate aftermath."[75] Student leaders Gilah Kletenik and Simcha Gross organized a panel at Yeshiva University in response to this raid. The discussion engaged questions about ethics, the laws of kashrut and communal responsibility.[76] [https://forward.com/news/national/127824/campaign-for-rubashkin-paints-another-view-of-kosh/ forward] In filmThe consequences of the raid for illegal workers and their families, many of whom were from Guatemala and Mexico, were documented in AbUSed: the Postville Raid,[77] a 2011 documentary film by Guatemalan film director Luis Argueta. 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Renfrew and James H. Reynolds| date=May 18, 2016 |accessdate=2016-05-18}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-trump-commutes-sentence-sholom-rubashkin| title=President Trump Commutes Sentence of Sholom Rubashkin| publisher=The White House| author=Law & Justice| date=Dec 20, 2017 |accessdate=2017-12-20}} {{PD-notice}} 8. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20080512/NEWS/80512012/Claims-of-ID-fraud-lead-to-largest-raid-in-state-history| title=Claims of ID fraud lead to largest raid in state history| publisher=The Des Moines Register| author=Nigel Duara, William Petroski and Grant Schulte| date=2008-05-12|accessdate=2010-08-04}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/17/AR2008051702474.html|title=Immigration Raid Jars a Small Town|publisher=The Washington Post| author=Spencer S. Hsu| date=2008-05-18 | accessdate=2010-05-22}} 10. ^{{cite web| url=http://thefivetowns.info/news-latest/22120-agriprocessors-immigrant-raid-halted-in-2000-on-election-fear-ex-agent-says.html| title=Agriprocessors Immigrant raid halted in 2000 on election fear, ex-agent says | date=7 August 2011 | author=Tony Leys | work=Des Moines Register | accessdate=October 14, 2011}} 11. ^{{cite news |publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/13/us/13immig.html?em&ex=1210910400&en=9fdf0d884661bdeb&ei=5070|title=Hundreds Are Arrested in US Sweep of Meat Plant|date=2008-05-13|author=Susan Saulny|accessdate=2010-07-26}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/09/us/09immig.html?em|title=Immigrants' Speedy Trials After Raid Become Issue|date=2008-08-04|accessdate=| author=Julia Preston}} {{cite news|publisher=The Iowa Independent|url=http://iowaindependent.com/2324/postville-raid-a-look-inside-the-temporary-courtroom|title=Postville Raid: A Look Inside the Temporary Courtroom|date= 2008-05-14|accessdate=2010-07-29|author=Lynda Waddington}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/pi/news/newsreleases/articles/080515waterloo.htm|title=297 convicted and sentenced following ICE worksite operation in Iowa|publisher=Immigration & Customs Enforcement|date=2008-05-15|accessdate=2008-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820120406/http://www.ice.gov/pi/news/newsreleases/articles/080515waterloo.htm|archivedate=20 August 2008}} 14. ^1 {{cite news |title=It's all a lie| url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/nation/article/rubashkin_its_all_a_lie_20080604/|publisher=JewishJournal.com|author=Ben Harris|date=2008-06-04|accessdate=2010-07-26}} 15. ^{{cite news|publisher=Midwest Coalition for Human Rights|url=http://www.midwesthumanrights.org/taxpayers-costs-top-5-million-may-raid-postville| title=Taxpayers' Costs Top $5 million for May Raid at Postville|date=2008-10-14|accessdate=2010-07-28| author= William Petroski, The Des Moines Register}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080514/NEWS/805140371/-1/SPORTS09|title=Town of 2,273 wonders: What happens to us now?|publisher=The Des Moines Register|date=2008-05-14|accessdate=2008-08-19}} 18. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/us/06immig.html|title=Large Iowa Meatpacker in Illegal Immigrant Raid Files for Bankruptcy|publisher=The New York Times|author=Julia Preston|date=2008-11-05 |accessdate=2010-07-26}} 19. ^{{cite news|publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|url= http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_ad194aa9-4a8c-569f-b25b-048cf88f9391.html|title=Postville still reeling, Marshalltown moves on after immigration raids|date=2009-04-30|accessdate=2010-07-28|author= Nigel Duara, AP Writer }} 20. ^{{cite news |title=New Owner of Agriprocessors Faces Old Questions About Its Plans For Company| publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward| url=http://www.forward.com/articles/110373/| author=Rebecca Dube|date=2009-07-22 |accessdate=2010-07-26}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://failedmessiah.typepad.com/failed_messiahcom/US%20V.%20Juan%20Carlos%20Guerrero-Espinoza.pdf|title=USA vs Juan Carlos Guerrero-Espinoza|publisher=U.S. District Court, Northern District of Iowa|date=2008-07-02|accessdate=2010-07-27}} 22. ^{{cite web|url= http://failedmessiah.typepad.com/failed_messiahcom/US%20V.%20Martin%20De%20La%20Rosa-Loera.pdf|title=USA vs Martin De La Rosa-Loera|publisher=U.S. District Court, Northern District of Iowa|date=2008-07-02|accessdate=2010-07-27}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/0903/090304cedarrapids.htm |title=Agriprocessors supervisor sentenced to 23 months in prison|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)|date=2009-03-04|accessdate=2010-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506002324/http://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/0903/090304cedarrapids.htm|archivedate=6 May 2009}} 24. ^1 {{cite news|publisher=The Iowa Independent|url=http://iowaindependent.com/23857/convicted-agriprocessors-supervisor-requests-revisit-of-sentence|title=Convicted Agriprocessors supervisor requests revisit of sentence |date=2009-12-16|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=Lynda Waddington}} 25. ^{{cite news|publisher=GazetteOnline.com|url=http://gazetteonline.com/breaking-news/2009/12/15/agriprocessors-supervisor-asks-court-to-correct-his-sentence|title=Agriprocessors supervisor asks court to correct his sentence|date=2009-12-15|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=Admin}} 26. ^{{cite news|publisher=FailedMessiah.com| url=http://failedmessiah.typepad.com/failed_messiahcom/2010/04/convicted-agriprocessors-managers-out-of-jail-and-back-at-workat-agristar-456.html|title=Convicted Agriprocessors Managers Out Of Jail And Back At Work – At Agri-Star. Owner: Postville meat plant to flourish|date=2010-04-14|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=Tony Leys, The Des Moines Register}} 27. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/10/us/10meat.htm|title=Meatpacker Faces Charges of Violating Child Laws |date=2008-09-10|accessdate=2010-07-23 | author=Julia Preston}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite news|publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_3795a0a6-f57e-506f-984f-7497bddbac17.html|title=Moral stakes in Rubashkin child labor case were high, both sides say|date=2010-06-09|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=Jeff Reinitz }} 29. ^[https://www.iowacourts.state.ia.us/ESAWebApp/TIndexFrm Iowa Courts Online Docket Records] 30. ^{{cite news|publisher=ICE Northern District of Iowa| url=https://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/0811/081114cedarrapids.htm| title=Former Agriprocessors CEO Rubashkin arrested again| date=2008-11-14| accessdate=2010-07-23|author=U.S. Attorney Matt M. Dummermuth}} 31. ^{{cite news|publisher=ICE Northern District of Iowa| url=https://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/0811/081121cedarrapids.htm| title=Agriprocessors and management criminally indicted. Charges include conspiracy, harboring illegal aliens, aggravated identity theft, document fraud and bank fraud|date=2008-11-21| accessdate=2010-10-12|author=U.S. Attorney Matt M. Dummermuth}} 32. ^{{cite news|publisher=U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)| url=http://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/1001/100111cedarrapids.htm|title=Agriprocessors manager pleads guilty to document fraud conspiracy |date=2010-01-11| accessdate=2010-07-23|author=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602123014/http://www.ice.gov/pi/nr/1001/100111cedarrapids.htm|archivedate=2 June 2010}} 33. ^{{cite news |publisher=GazetteOnline.com| url=http://gazetteonline.com/local-news/government/2010/05/26/former-agriprocessors-manager-to-serve-10-months-in-prison |title=Former Agriprocessors manager to serve 10 months in prison|date=2010-05-26| accessdate=2010-07-23|author=Admin}} 34. ^{{cite news |publisher=Meat Trade News Daily| url=http://www.meattradenewsdaily.co.uk/news/030610/usa___stiff_penalties_for_kosher_plant_executives_.aspx|title=USA - Stiff penalties for Kosher plant executives|date=2010-06-03| accessdate=2010-07-27|author=}} 35. ^{{cite news |publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier| url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_91da9cca-d373-11de-a3af-001cc4c002e0.html|title=Agri Star accountant worked at company after felony guilty plea|date=2009-11-17|accessdate=2010-08-02|author=Jens Manuel Krogstad}} 36. ^{{cite news|publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier| url= http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_0a2c4788-30fc-11df-b834-001cc4c002e0.html |title=2 Agriprocessors suspects still at large|date=2010-03-16|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=AP}} 37. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2011309140066| title=Postville meat plant official's extradition weighed| work=DesMoines Register| date=September 14, 2011| accessdate=October 14, 2011| author=Tony Leys}} 38. ^{{cite news|publisher= Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier| url= http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/former-agriprocessors-officials-still-in-israel/article_929e6645-170c-58de-aec2-5c69cc95f925.html |title= Former Agriprocessors officials still in Israel |date=2012-03-16|accessdate=2012-04-19| author=Jeff Reinitz}} 39. ^{{cite news |url=http://blogs.desmoinesregister.com/dmr/index.php/2013/05/03/postville-plant-supervisor-who-fled-to-israel-after-88-raid-is-due-in-c-r-court-today/article?nclick_check=1 |date=May 3, 2013 |author=Leys, Tony |publisher=Des Moines Register |title= Postville plant supervisor, who fled to Israel after '08 raid, is due in C.R. court today }} 40. ^{{Cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/04/us/iowa-poultry-plant-manager-faces-charges-in-court.html?adxnnl=1&ref=agriprocessorsinc&adxnnlx=1375081387-NhoMFqGD7OHbKIUptpi9KA| title=Iowa: Poultry Plant Manager Faces Charges in Court| author=AP| newspaper=The New York Times| date= May 3, 2013| accessdate=July 29, 2013| publisher=The Associated Press}} 41. ^{{cite web| url= http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/trial-delayed-for-ex-agriprocessors-manager/article_36b2019f-14dc-5198-9045-bf5b41ec2f36.html| title=Trial delayed for ex-Agriprocessors manager| work= Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier| date=June 6, 2013| author=AP| accessdate=July 29, 2013}} 42. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/kosher-slaughterhouse-manager-gets-41-month-sentence/ |title=Kosher slaughterhouse manager gets 41-month sentence |author=Foley, Ryan |date=February 1, 2014 |publisher=Times of Israel}} Retrieved 10 July 2015. 43. ^{{Cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/13/us/13verdict.html?ref=todayspaper| title= Slaughterhouse Manager Convicted in Fraud Case| author= |date= November 13, 2009 | accessdate=June 21, 2010| newspaper=The New York Times| publisher= The Associated Press}} 44. ^1 {{cite news|publisher=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/22/us/22iowa.html?scp=1&sq=..27-Year%20Sentence%20for%20Plant%20Manager&st=cse|title=27-year sentence for plant manager|date=2010-06-21|accessdate=2010-07-21 | author=Julia Preston}} 45. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.whotv.com/news/who-story-rubashkin-charges-dropped-111909,0,4002466.story | title= Charges Dismissed: Judge dismisses 72 immigration charges against former Agriprocessors CEO| author = | date= October 23, 2009| accessdate=June 21, 2010 | publisher= AP}} 46. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/08/us/08immig.html|title=Former Manager of Iowa Slaughterhouse Is Acquitted of Labor Charges |date=2010-07-23|accessdate=2010-06-08| author=Julia Preston}} 47. ^{{cite news|publisher=Des Moines Register|url=https://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/crime-and-courts/2017/12/20/president-trump-commutes-sentence-sholom-rubashkin-ex-iowa-slaughterhouse-executive/971291001/|title=President Trump commutes sentence of Sholom Rubashkin, ex-Iowa slaughterhouse executive|date=2017-12-21|author=Luke Nozicka}} 48. ^{{cite news|publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier| url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_f6cd0aeb-a9fa-5cf4-953a-533d06d7149f.html|title=Man sentenced in vehicle title scheme|date=2010-07-01|accessdate=2010-07-26| author=Jeff Reinitz}} 49. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=L|first=Novak, Nicole|last2=T|first2=Geronimus, Arline|last3=M|first3=Martinez-Cardoso, Aresha|date=2016|title=OUP accepted manuscript|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=46|issue=3|pages=839–849|doi=10.1093/ije/dyw346|issn=0300-5771|pmc=5837605|pmid=28115577}} 50. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.workdayminnesota.org/index.php?news_6_3734|title=Congress puts spotlight on abuses at Iowa plant|publisher=High Plains Journal|date= 2008-07-28|accessdate=2010-07-22}} 51. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/meat_packing_raid_stirs_larger_ethical_and_economic_concerns/|title=Meat packing raid stirs larger ethical and economic concerns| author=Amy Klein| publisher=JewishJournal.com| date=2008-05-22| accessdate=2010-08-04}} 52. ^{{cite news|title=Postville raid prompts immigration protests| url=http://www.hpj.com/archives/2008/aug08/aug4/Postvilleraidpromptsimmigra.cfm?title=Postville%20raid%20prompts%20immigration%20reform%20rally|publisher=High Plains Journal|date=2008-08-04|accessdate=2008-08-19}} 53. ^1 {{cite news|publisher=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/28/us/28immig.html?fta=y| title=Iowa Rally Protests Raid and Conditions at Plant |date=2008-07-28|accessdate=2010-07-21| author=Julia Preston}} 54. ^{{cite news| publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|title=Faith leaders unite to support immigration reform| url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_dc42519b-994f-53dc-ab77-4bee13735906.html| date=2009-05-12|accessdate=2010-08-05| author=Amie Steffen}} 55. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Iowa Independent| url=http://iowaindependent.com/15097/postville-anniversary-rally-smaller-but-more-focused|title=Postville anniversary rally smaller but mor focused| date=2009-05-13|accessdate=2010-08-05| author=Lynda Waddington}} 56. ^{{cite news| publisher=Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier|title=Vigil marks second anniversary of raid| url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_20e39774-5ea1-11df-9b2e-001cc4c03286.html| date=2010-05-13|accessdate=| author=}} {{cite news| publisher=KWWL.com|url=http://www.kwwl.com/Global/story.asp?S=12473578|title=Postville two years later| date=2010-05-13|accessdate=2010-08-05| author=}} 57. ^{{cite news|publisher=Postville Response Coalition|title= The Newsletter of the Postville Response Coalition, Issue 1| url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxwb3N0dmlsbGVpb3dhdmlzdGF8Z3g6MTBmZGViZjliNTE0NGU1Mg| date=2009-04-27| accessdate=2010-10-12| author=}} 58. ^{{cite news|publisher=GazetteOnline.com|url=http://gazetteonline.com/top-story/2010/05/12/two-years-after-agriprocessors-raid-postville-is-flush-with-new-optimism|title=Two years after Agriprocessors raid, Postville is flush with new optimism|date=2010-05-12|accessdate=2010-07-28| author=Orlan Love}} 59. ^{{cite news|publisher=IowaPolitics.com Press Release| url=http://www.iowapolitics.com/index.iml?Article=201877|title=Rebuild Iowa Office: Working to recover: Winneshiek-Allamakee LTRC. Committee Gives Support to New 'Postville First' organization|date=2010-07-01|accessdate=2010-07-28| author=}} 60. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/07/25/MN6P11V1JC.DTL| title=Immigration raids called harsh|author=Carolyn Lochhead| publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2008-07-25|accessdate=2008-08-19}} 61. ^{{cite web| url=http://judiciary.house.gov/hearings/printers/110th/43682.PDF| title=Immigration Raids: Postville and beyond. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law of the Committee on the Judiciary House of Representatives one hundred tenth Congress second Session, July 24, 2008 Serial No. 110–198, p. 8| author=| publisher= |date=|accessdate=2010-08-02}} 62. ^{{cite news|author=Lynda Waddington|date=2008-08-24|publisher=The Iowa Independent|url=http://iowaindependent.com/4510/culver-compares-agriprocessors-to-sinclairs-jungle-outlines-state-response|title=Culver compares Agriprocessors to Sinclair's jungle, outlines state response|accessdate=2010-06-24|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207003550/http://iowaindependent.com/4510/culver-compares-agriprocessors-to-sinclairs-jungle-outlines-state-response|archivedate=2010-02-07|df=}} 63. ^{{cite news| publisher=Waterloo Cedar Falls Courier|url=http://wcfcourier.com/news/politics/article_c4145400-c390-5a2f-9120-5755f674dd20.html|title=Obama criticizes Agriprocessors|author=| date=2008-08-27|accessdate=2010-07-30}} 64. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Washington Post| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/25/AR2010072501790.html| title=Deportation of illegal immigrants increases under Obama administration| author=Peter Slevin|date=2010-06-26|accessdate=2010-07-30}} 65. ^{{cite news|publisher=PETA| url=http://www.goveg.com/feat/agriprocessors/experts.asp| title=AgriProcessors Cruelty Condemned by Experts| author=|date=2004-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 66. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/30/national/30cnd-kosh.html?pagewanted=1| title=Videotapes Show Grisly Scenes at Kosher Slaughterhouse| author=Donald G. McNeil Jr.|date=2004-11-30|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 67. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.forward.com/articles/1006/| title=In Iowa Meat Plant, Kosher 'Jungle' Breeds Fear, Injury, Short Pay. 'I′m not sure these devout Jews are using Jewish ethics to treat their workers'| publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward|author=Nathaniel Popper|date= 2006-05-26|accessdate= 2010-08-06}} 68. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/19/us/19religion.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1| title=Rabbi's Campaign for Kosher Standards Expands to Include Call for Social Justice| author=Samuel G. Freedman|date=2007-05-19|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 69. ^{{cite news|publisher=JewishJournal.com| url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/los_angeles/article/meat_packing_raid_stirs_larger_ethical_and_economic_concerns/| title=Meat packing raid stirs larger ethical and economic concerns| author=Amy Klein|date=2008-05-22|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 70. ^{{cite news|publisher=United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism| url=http://www.uscj.org/Regarding_Rubashkins7738.html| title=Regarding Rubashkin's Meat Products| author=|date=2008-05-22|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 71. ^{{cite news|publisher=Jewish Labor Committee| url=http://www.jewishlaborcommittee.org/2008/05/agriprocessors_jlc_policy_stat_1.html| title=Agriprocessors: JLC Policy Statement| author=|date=2008-05-23|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 72. ^{{cite news|publisher=Uri L′Tzedek| url=http://utzedek.org/component/content/article/1-otherpages/39-agriprocessors-rubashkin-letter.html| title=Letter to Mr. Aaron Rubashkin | author=|date=2008-05-23 |accessdate=2010-08-06}} {{cite news|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward| url=http://www.forward.com/articles/13619/| title=In Heated Meeting, Orthodox Activists Spar With Kosher Meat Company| author=Marissa Brostoff|date=2008-06-19|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 73. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Iowa Independent| url=http://iowaindependent.com/2564/uri-ltzedek-ends-rubashkin-product-boycott| title=Uri L'Tzedek Ends Rubashkin Product Boycott| author=Lynda Waddington|date=2008-07-08|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 74. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Iowa Independent| url=http://iowaindependent.com/5257/orthodox-union-to-agriprocessors-hire-new-management-or-lose-kosher-certification| title=Agriprocessors: Orthodox Union to Agriprocessors: Hire new management or lose certification| author=Lynda Waddington|date=2008-09-09|accessdate=2010-08-06}} 75. ^{{cite news|publisher=The Jewish Daily Forward| url=http://www.forward.com/articles/15014/| title=Orthodox Rabbis Rally Around Rubashkin as He Sits in Jail| author=Nathaniel Popper|date=2009-01-21|accessdate=2010-08-09}} 76. ^{{cite news|publisher=The New York Times| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/11/nyregion/11kosher.html| title=Label Says Kosher; Ethics Suggest Otherwise| author=Paul Vitello|date=2008-10-08}} 77. ^{{IMDb title|1737082|AbUSed}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Agriprocessors}}{{Coord|43|05|12|N|91|34|55|W|region:US-IA_type:event|display=inline,title}}
|title=Interpreting after the Largest ICE Raid in US History: A Personal Account|date=2008-06-13|publisher=}}
9 : 2008 crimes in the United States|Illegal immigration to the United States|History of immigration to the United States|History of Iowa|Law enforcement operations in the United States|Meat processing in the United States|Kosher food|Rubashkin family|May 2008 events in North America |
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