| 词条 | Lüderitz | ||||
| 释义 |
|name = Lüderitz |native_name = |other_name = |settlement_type = Town |image_skyline = Lutheran_Church_Luderotz.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = An aerial view of Lüderitz with the Felsenkirche in the foreground and the rest of the town in the background |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Wappen Lüderitz - Namibia.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |nickname = |motto = Challenge, Innovation, Prosperity |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Namibia |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Namibia |coordinates = {{coord|26|38|45|S|015|09|14|E|region:NA|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Namibia}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_type2 = Constituency |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name1 = ǁKaras Region |subdivision_name2 = ǃNamiǂNûs Constituency |subdivision_name3 = |established_title = Established |established_date = 1883 |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Hambelela Suzan Ndjaleka[1] |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |unit_pref =Imperial |area_footnotes = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |population_total = 12537 |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = [3] |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_note = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = {{URL|luderitz-tc.com}} |footnotes = |timezone = SAST |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = BWk |blank1_name = |blank1_info = }}{{Contains Khoekhoe text}} Lüderitz is a harbour town[4] in the ǁKaras Region of southern Namibia. It lies on one of the least hospitable coasts in Africa. It is a port developed around Robert Harbour and Shark Island. The town is known for its colonial architecture, including some Art Nouveau work, and for wildlife including seals, penguins, flamingos and ostriches. It is also home to a museum, and lies at the end of a {{As of|2012|alt=currently}} decommissioned railway line to Keetmanshoop. HistoryThe bay on which Lüderitz is situated was first known to Europeans when Bartolomeu Dias encountered it in 1487. He named the bay Angra Pequena ({{lang-pt|Small Bay}}) and erected a padrão (stone cross) on the southern peninsula. In the 18th century Dutch adventurers and scientists explored the area in search of minerals but did not have much success. Further exploration expeditions followed in the early 19th century during which the vast wildlife in the ocean was discovered. Profitable enterprises were set up, including whaling, seal hunting, fishing and guano-harvesting. Lüderitz thus began its life as a trading post.[5] The town was founded in 1883 when Heinrich Vogelsang purchased Angra Pequena and some of the surrounding land on behalf of Adolf Lüderitz, a Hanseat from Bremen in Germany, from the local Nama chief Josef Frederiks II in Bethanie. When Adolf Lüderitz did not return from an expedition to the Orange River in 1886, Angra Pequena was named Lüderitzbucht in his honour.[5] In 1905, German authorities established a concentration camp on Shark Island. The camp, access to which was very restricted, operated between 1905 and 1907 during the Herero Wars. Between 1,000 and 3,000 Africans from the Herero and Nama tribes died here as a result of the tragic conditions of forced labour. Their labour was used for expansion of the city, railway, port and on the farms of white settlers.{{sfn|Zimmerer|Zeller|2003|p=80}}[6]{{sfn|Erichsen|2005|pp={{page needed|date=February 2013}}}} In 1909, after the discovery of diamonds nearby, Lüderitz enjoyed a sudden surge of prosperity due to the development of a diamond rush to the area. In 1912 Lüderitz already had 1,100 inhabitants, not counting the indigenous population. Although situated in harsh environment between desert and Ocean, trade in the harbour town surged, and the adjacent diamond mining settlement of Kolmanskop was built.[7] After the German World War I capitulation South Africa took over the administration of German South West Africa in 1915. Many Germans were deported from Lüderitz, contributing to its shrinking in population numbers. From 1920 onwards, diamond mining was only conducted further south of town in places like Pomona and Elizabeth Bay. This development consequently led to the loss of Lüderitz' importance as a trading place. Only small fishing enterprises, minimal dock activity and a few carpet weavers remained.[7] In an effort to remove colonial names from the maps of Namibia, in 2013 the Namibian government renamed the constituency ǃNamiǂNûs, its name prior to 1884.[8][9] GeographyThe harbour has a very shallow rock bottom, making it unusable for modern ships; this led to Walvis Bay becoming the centre of the Namibian shipping industry. Recently, however, the addition of a new quay has allowed larger fishing vessels to dock at Lüderitz. The town has also re-styled itself in an attempt to lure tourists to the area, which includes a new waterfront area for shops and offices. Just outside Lüderitz lies the ghost town of Kolmanskop, a prominent tourist destination. This previously bustling diamond town is now abandoned, and fights a constant struggle against being buried under the shifting sand dunes of the Namib desert. ConservationThe coastline in the area is recognised by Bird Life and other global conservation groups as one of the Important Bird Areas (IBAs) for important coastal seabird breeding. Mercury Island, Ichaboe Island, Halifax Island and the Possession Islands support the entire Namibian breeding population of Cape gannets (Morus capensis), 96% of the Namibian population of the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), and nearly one quarter of the global breeding population of crowned cormorants (Microcarbo coronatus).[10]Approximately 80% of the global population of the endangered Bank cormorant (Phalacrocorax neglectus) breeds on Mercury Island and in the Ichaboe Islands. In April 2009, an oil spill from an oil tanker risked hundreds of African penguins and other flora and fauna. Several species of cetaceans, most notably Haviside's dolphins, can be seen close to the shore while larger whales such as southern right,[11][12] humpback, minke, fin, pygmy right, are less common but gradually increasing in numbers. ClimateLüderitz has a desert climate (BWk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with moderate temperatures throughout the year. The average annual precipitation is {{convert|17|mm|inch|lk=out|abbr=off}}. Windy and cold conditions can occur due to the cold South Atlantic current on the coast. {{Clear}}{{Weather box|location = Lüderitz |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 32.5 |Feb record high C = 30.0 |Mar record high C = 34.1 |Apr record high C = 36.5 |May record high C = 33.0 |Jun record high C = 31.6 |Jul record high C = 30.7 |Aug record high C = 33.0 |Sep record high C = 35.1 |Oct record high C = 35.0 |Nov record high C = 37.5 |Dec record high C = 30.6 |year record high C = 37.5 |Jan high C = 21.4 |Feb high C = 21.3 |Mar high C = 21.1 |Apr high C = 19.9 |May high C = 19.2 |Jun high C = 19.0 |Jul high C = 17.9 |Aug high C = 17.2 |Sep high C = 17.3 |Oct high C = 18.0 |Nov high C = 19.2 |Dec high C = 20.5 |year high C = 19.3 |Jan mean C = 17.7 |Feb mean C = 17.8 |Mar mean C = 17.4 |Apr mean C = 16.3 |May mean C = 15.5 |Jun mean C = 15.1 |Jul mean C = 14.1 |Aug mean C = 13.7 |Sep mean C = 13.9 |Oct mean C = 14.7 |Nov mean C = 15.8 |Dec mean C = 17.0 |year mean C = 15.7 |Jan low C = 14.0 |Feb low C = 14.3 |Mar low C = 13.8 |Apr low C = 12.6 |May low C = 11.7 |Jun low C = 11.2 |Jul low C = 10.4 |Aug low C = 10.2 |Sep low C = 10.5 |Oct low C = 11.4 |Nov low C = 12.3 |Dec low C = 13.5 |year low C = 12.1 |Jan record low C = 5.5 |Feb record low C = 5.0 |Mar record low C = 6.0 |Apr record low C = 5.5 |May record low C = 3.3 |Jun record low C = 0.2 |Jul record low C = 3.0 |Aug record low C = 4.8 |Sep record low C = 3.4 |Oct record low C = 3.4 |Nov record low C = 4.9 |Dec record low C = 3.9 |year record low C = 0.2 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 0 |Feb precipitation mm = 1 |Mar precipitation mm = 2 |Apr precipitation mm = 2 |May precipitation mm = 3 |Jun precipitation mm = 3 |Jul precipitation mm = 1 |Aug precipitation mm = 2 |Sep precipitation mm = 1 |Oct precipitation mm = 0 |Nov precipitation mm = 0 |Dec precipitation mm = 0 |year precipitation mm = 17 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1.0 |Feb precipitation days = 1.0 |Mar precipitation days = 1.0 |Apr precipitation days = 0.9 |May precipitation days = 1.4 |Jun precipitation days = 1.4 |Jul precipitation days = 1.0 |Aug precipitation days = 0.7 |Sep precipitation days = 0.5 |Oct precipitation days = 0.5 |Nov precipitation days = 0.5 |Dec precipitation days = 0.7 |year precipitation days = 10.6 |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 81 |Mar humidity = 82 |Apr humidity = 80 |May humidity = 79 |Jun humidity = 72 |Jul humidity = 74 |Aug humidity = 78 |Sep humidity = 80 |Oct humidity = 80 |Nov humidity = 80 |Dec humidity = 80 |year humidity = 79 |Jan sun = 198.4 |Feb sun = 203.4 |Mar sun = 257.3 |Apr sun = 216.0 |May sun = 213.9 |Jun sun = 144.0 |Jul sun = 170.5 |Aug sun = 201.5 |Sep sun = 216.0 |Oct sun = 201.5 |Nov sun = 189.0 |Dec sun = 176.7 |year sun = |Jand sun = 6.4 |Febd sun = 7.2 |Mard sun = 8.3 |Aprd sun = 7.2 |Mayd sun = 6.9 |Jund sun = 4.8 |Juld sun = 5.5 |Augd sun = 6.5 |Sepd sun = 7.2 |Octd sun = 6.5 |Novd sun = 6.3 |Decd sun = 5.7 |yeard sun = 6.5 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst[13] |date=August 2011 }} SportLüderitz is home to the Lüderitz Speed Challenge, the only international sporting event held in the town. This is an annual month-long speed sailing event held in the last quarter of the year under the auspices of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) World Sailing Speed Record Council (WSSRC).[14] In 1984 Lüderitz was the starting point for explorer and sailor Amyr Klink's successful solo crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, rowing for 101 days all the way to the Brazilian coast with no other form of propulsion.[15] In October 2011, Turkish-born American adventurer Erden Eruç departed from Lüderitz Bay for the final ocean crossing of his Guinness world record-setting solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.[16] Eruç rowed to South America in an oceangoing rowboat, taking five months for the crossing to the town of Güiria, Venezuela.[17] Economy and infrastructure{{see also|Railway stations in Namibia}}Construction of a new port at Shearwater Bay, {{convert|30|km|abbr=off}} south of Lüderitz, has been proposed for the export of coal from Botswana with a {{convert|1,600|km|mi|adj=on|abbr=off}} railway connecting the two.[18] Lüderitz is the terminus of the {{Convert|318|km}} railway line to Seeheim where the railway connects to the rest of the country's network. This line, built by inmates of the concentration camp on Shark Island, was completed in 1908[19] but is currently not operational. Rebuilding of a remaining {{Convert|47|km}} track gap to Aus has been delayed since 2009. MediaLüderitz has a local monthly newspaper, Buchter News. The paper, which was started as a source of free English-language reading material, is run by volunteers from the British gap year charity Project Trust. PoliticsLüderitz is governed by a town council that {{As of|November 2015|alt=currently}} has seven seats.[20] The 2015 local authority election was won by SWAPO which gained six seats (2,679 votes). The remaining seat went to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) with 265 votes.[21] Cooperation agreementsLüderitz is twinned with:
Education{{expand section|date=March 2016}}Previously the German school Deutsche Schule Lüderitzbucht was in the city. In 1965 it had 13 teachers and 140 learners and was supported by German government.[23] Landmarks
External links{{commons|Lüderitz}}ReferencesNotes1. ^Respect the elderly: Lüderitz mayor {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516011710/http://www.namibian.com.na/news-articles/national/full-story/archive/2011/january/article/respect-the-elderly-luederitz-mayor/ |date=16 May 2012 }} The Namibian, 7 January 2011 2. ^ 3. ^{{cite web | title=Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011) | url=http://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf | work=Namibia 2011 – Population and Housing Census Main Report | publisher=Namibia Statistics Agency | accessdate=24 August 2016 | page=39}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.luderitz-tc.com|title=Lüderitz...the Diamond of Namibia!|author=|date=|work=luderitz-tc.com}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|title=Lüderitzbucht: Gründer- und Diamantenstadt|trans-title=Lüderitzbucht: Town of Pioneers and Diamonds|language=German|last=von Schmettau|first=Konny|date=28 February 2013|work=Allgemeine Zeitung|publisher=Tourismus Namibia monthly supplement|page=6}} 6. ^{{cite book | last = Overmans | first = Rüdiger | title = In der Hand des Feindes : Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg | year = 1999 | publisher = | location = | language = German | isbn = | page = 291 | quote = Die Verhältnisse in Swakopmund, zu denen sich Tecklenburg äußerte, stellten keine Ausnahme dar. Noch schlimmer lagen die Verhältnisse im Konzentrationslager auf der Haifischinsel vor Lüderitzbucht, dem größten Gefangenenlager. Dort wurden sowohl Herero wie Nama interniert und ihrem Schicksal überlassen. Die Inhaftierung auf de." reprinted in Jürgen Zimmerer Deutsche Herrschaft über Afrikaner: Staatlicher Machtanspruch und ... (2004). Page 46.}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Unverwüstliche Felsenkirche zwischen Wüste und Meer|trans-title=Indestructible Rock Church between Desert and Ocean|journal=Gondwana History|publisher=supplement to various Namibian newspapers|issue=92|accessdate=7 August 2012|language=German}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Namibia-renames-Caprivi-Strip-20130808|title=Namibia renames Caprivi Strip|author=|date=|work=news24.com}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newera.com.na/articles/53580/President-divides-Kavango-into-two|title=President divides Kavango into two|last=Nakale|first=Albertina|date=9 August 2013|newspaper=New Era}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |title=Walk on our coastline |publisher=Namibian Coast Conservation and Management Project (NACOMA) |accessdate=21 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721154939/http://www.nacoma.org.na/Our_Coast/WalkOnOurCoastline.htm |archivedate=21 July 2009 |df= }} 11. ^The Namibian Sun. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217121239/http://www.sun.com.na/content/agri/southern-right-whale-right-whale-protect Southern right whale – The right whale to protect]. Retrieved on 24 October 2015 12. ^Travel News Namibia. 2012. The return of the whales. Retrieved on 24 October 2014 13. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_683000_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Lüderitz-Diaz Point (Leuchtturm) / Namibia| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst| language = German| accessdate = 29 March 2016}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.seabreeze.com.au/News/Sailing/Worlds-best-at-Luderitz-Speed-Challenge_1828219.aspx |title=World's best at Luderitz Speed Challenge | Sailing News |publisher=Seabreeze.com.au |date=13 October 2008 |accessdate=24 April 2012}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/arquivo_veja/capa_26091984.shtml/conteudo.php?page=biografia |title=O herói do Atlântico |accessdate=11 October 2008 |language=Portuguese }} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Guinness World Records – First solo circumnavigation of the globe using human power|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/108422-first-solo-circumnavigation-of-the-globe-using-human-power|publisher=Guinness World Records|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319015308/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/108422-first-solo-circumnavigation-of-the-globe-using-human-power|archivedate=19 March 2016|accessdate=16 January 2016|deadurl=no}} 17. ^{{cite web|title=Media Kit – Project Summary Document|url=http://www.around-n-over.org/media/summary_HPC.pdf|publisher=Around-n-Over (PDF file linked from "around-n-over.org/media/mediakit.htm")|date=22 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160214191249/http://www.around-n-over.org/media/summary_HPC.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2016|deadurl=no|accessdate=11 November 2016}} 18. ^Africa News | Railways Africa 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.klausdierks.com/Namibia_Rail/2.htm|title=The Development of the Namibian Railway Network. The Rail History Until the 1990s|last=Dierks|first=Klaus|authorlink=Klaus Dierks|publisher=www.klausdierks.com|accessdate=6 November 2012}} 20. ^{{Cite news | title=Know Your Local Authority | publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research | newspaper=Election Watch | year = 2015 | issue=3 | page=4}} 21. ^{{cite web | title=Local elections results | publisher=Electoral Commission of Namibia | page=3 | url=http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194328/http://www.ecn.na/documents/27857/218731/LA+results+%28press+release%29+2015.pdf/870a030b-8547-487f-ad18-b22713b16d4c?version=1.0 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=10 December 2015 | date=28 November 2015 }} 22. ^https://www.t-online.de/nachrichten/id_83671432/altmark-ort-luederitz-knuepft-freundschaftsband-nach-namibia.html 23. ^"Deutscher Bundestag 4. Wahlperiode Drucksache IV/3672" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6fxZNPR68?url=http://dipbt.bundestag.de/doc/btd/04/036/0403672.pdf Archive]). Bundestag (West Germany). 23 June 1965. Retrieved on 12 March 2016. p. 32. 24. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news |title = Three new heritage sites proclaimed |last = Tjihenuna |first = Theresia |newspaper = The Namibian |date = 2 September 2014 |url = http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=17161 |access-date = 12 September 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140912114531/http://www.namibian.com.na/indexx.php?id=17161 |archive-date = 12 September 2014 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=97185&no_cache=1|title=Lüderitz church celebrates centenary|last=Bause|first=Tanja|date=21 May 2012|newspaper=The Namibian}} 26. ^{{Cite news|title=Neuer Eigner übernimmt 135 Jahre alte Firma|trans-title=New owner takes over 135-year-old company|language=German|last=Becker|first=Klaus J.|newspaper=Allgemeine Zeitung|date=25 May 2015}} Literature
| last = Erichsen | first = Casper W. | title = The angel of death has descended violently among them: Concentration camps and prisoners-of-war in Namibia, 1904–08 | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Leiden African Studies Centre | location = Leiden | isbn = 90-5448-064-5 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Zimmerer | first1 = Jürgen | last2 = Zeller | first2 = Joachim | title = Völkermord in Deutsch-Südwestafrika: Der Kolonialkrieg 1904 – 1908 |trans-title=Genocide in German South West Africa: The Colonial War 1904–1908 | language=German | year = 2003 | ref = harv}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Luderitz}} 7 : Lüderitz|Populated coastal places in Namibia|Towns in Namibia|Populated places in the ǁKaras Region|Port cities and towns in Namibia|1883 establishments in South West Africa|Populated places established in 1883 |
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