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词条 M109 howitzer
释义

  1. History

  2. Design

     Armament  Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP) 

  3. Variants

     M109  M109A1  M109A2  M109A3 and M109A3B  M109A4  M109A5  M109A5+  M109A6 "Paladin"  M109 "KAWEST"  M109L52  M109A3GNM  K55/K55A1  M109A7 

  4. Derivatives

     M992  Training systems 

  5. Operators

     Current operators  M109  M109A1  M109A2/A3  M109A2/A5  M109A4  M109A5  M109A6 Paladin  M109A7  K55/K55A1  Former operators  M109A2/A3  M109A4 

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. External links

{{short description|1960s self-propelled 155 mm howitzer of American origin}}{{more footnotes|date=May 2012}}{{Infobox weapon
|name=M109 Howitzer
|image=
|caption=M109A6
|origin=United States
|type=Self-propelled gun
|service=1963–present
|wars=Vietnam War
Yom Kippur War
Iran–Iraq War
Western Sahara War
Persian Gulf War
Iraq War
2014 Israel–Gaza conflict
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)[1]
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present),
Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen
Syrian Civil War
|is_vehicle=yes
|is_ranged=yes
|is_artillery=yes
|length=30 ft (9.1 m)
|width={{convert|10|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|10|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}
|weight=27.5 tons
|cartridge=separate loading, bagged charge
|caliber=155 mm L/39 caliber[2]
|barrels=
|action=
|rate=Maximum: 4 rpm/3 min.[3]
Sustained: 1 rpm[3]
|velocity=
|range=Conventional: {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}}
RAP: {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|max_range=
|feed=
|sights=
|breech=interrupted screw
|recoil=
|carriage=
|elevation=
|traverse=360°
|suspension=torsion-bar
|speed=35 mph (56 km/h)
|vehicle_range=216 mi (350 km)
|primary_armament=M126 155 mm Howitzer
|secondary_armament=.50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun
|armour=
|engine=Detroit Diesel 8V71T
|crew=4 (Ammunition handler, Gunner, Commander, Driver)
|engine_power=450 hp (335.56 kW)
|pw_ratio=18.7 hp/t
}}

The M109 is an American 155 mm turreted self-propelled howitzer, first introduced in the early 1960s. It has been upgraded a number of times, most recently to the M109A7. The M109 family is the most common Western indirect-fire support weapon of maneuver brigades of armored and mechanized infantry divisions.

The M109 has a crew of four: the section chief/commander, the driver, the gunner, and the ammunition handler/loader. The chief or gunner aims the cannon left or right (deflection) and up and down (quadrant).

The British Army replaced its M109s with the AS-90. Several European armed forces have or are currently replacing older M109s with the German PzH 2000. Upgrades to the M109 were introduced by the U.S. (see variants below) and by Switzerland (KAWEST). With the cancellation of the U.S. Crusader and Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon, the M109A6 ("Paladin") will remain the principal self-propelled howitzer for the U.S. for the foreseeable future.

History

The M109 was the medium variant of a U.S. program to adopt a common chassis for its self-propelled artillery units. The light version, the M108 Howitzer, was phased out during the Vietnam War, but many were rebuilt as M109s.

The M109 saw its combat debut in Vietnam. Israel used the M109 against Egypt in the 1973 Yom Kippur War and in the 1982 and 2006 Lebanon Wars. Iran used the M109 in the Iran–Iraq War in the 1980s. The M109 saw service with the British, Egyptian and Saudi Arabian Armies in the 1991 Gulf War. The M109 also saw service with the U.S. Army in the Gulf War, as well as in the Iraq War from 2003-2011.

Upgrades to the cannon, ammunition, fire control, survivability, and other electronics systems over the design's lifespan have expanded the system's capabilities, including tactical nuclear projectiles, Cannon Launched Guided Projectiles (CLGP or Copperhead), Rocket Assisted Projectile (RAP), FAmily of SCAtterable Mines (FASCAM), and improved conventional munitions (the Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition, DPICM).

Design

The M109 was developed by the Ground System Division of United Defense LP (now BAE Systems Land and Armaments).[2]

Armament

  • Primary: M126 (or M126A1) 155 mm Howitzer (M109), M185 155 mm Howitzer (A1/A2/A3/A4), M284 155 mm Howitzer (A5/A6)
  • Secondary: .50 caliber (12.7 mm) M2 machine gun, Mk 19 Mod 3 40 mm Automatic Grenade Launcher, or 7.62 mm M60, M240 machine gun or the British L4 machine gun

Hypervelocity Projectile (HVP)

In January 2016, the U.S. Army test-fired hypervelocity projectiles originally designed for use by U.S. Navy electromagnetic railguns and found that they significantly increased the gun's range. The Army is looking into using the M109 Paladin firing the HVP for ballistic missile defense, as traditional missile interceptors are expensive and gun-based missile defense used for point defense would use artillery at a much lower cost per round.[4][5] The HVP is capable of being fired out to {{convert|50|nmi|mi km}} from a conventional cannon. It weighs {{convert|68|lb|kg|abbr=on}} with a {{convert|46|lb|kg|abbr=on}} flight body containing its guidance and warhead—less powerful, but more agile to hit small, high-speed targets. Modifications will be needed for the Paladin to effectively shoot the HVP, possibly including different propellant to achieve higher velocities, automated reloading systems to fire quickly enough to defeat salvo launches, improved barrel life, and a new fire control and sensor system.[6]

Variants

M109

First produced in 1963. It had a 23 caliber 155 mm M126 gun in an M127 Howitzer Mount, and carried 28 rounds of 155 mm ammunition. It was also armed with a .50cal M2HB machine gun with 500 rounds of ammunition. Easily identified by its short barrel and a double baffle muzzle brake with a large fume extractor just behind it. Maximum range of 14,600 meters.

M109A1

Replaced the M126 gun with a longer barreled, 39 caliber M185 gun, increasing maximum range to 18,100 meters.

M109A2

Incorporated 27 Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) mid-life improvements. Most notably, the long barreled 155 mm M185 cannon in the new M178 gun mount, ballistic protection for the panoramic telescope, counterbalanced travel lock, and the ability to mount the M140 alignment device. Stowage of 155mm rounds increased from 28 to 36 rounds; .50cal ammunition remained at 500 rounds. During M109A2 production, a slightly simplified version was also produced for export. This had minor internal changes and deleted the hull flotation feature. These were designated M109A1B.[7]

M109A3 and M109A3B

M109A1s and M109A1Bs rebuilt to M109A2 standard respectively. Some A3s feature three contact arm assemblies, while all A2s have five.

M109A4

M109A2s and M109A3s improved with Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical / Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (NBC/RAM) improvements, including air purifiers, heaters, and Mission Oriented Protective Posture (MOPP) gear.

The traversing mechanism's clutch is hydraulic, as compared to the electric mechanism on previous M109s, and features a manual override in the event of an electrical failure. The A4 also adds an additional hydraulic filter, for a total of two. Also included is an improvement to the engine starting equipment, greatly improving the ability to start in an emergency.

Ammunition amounts remain the same as two previous models.

M109A5

Replaces the 155 mm M185 cannon in an M178 mount with a 39-caliber 155 mm M284 cannon in an M182 mount, giving the A5 a maximum range of 22,000 meters with unassisted projectiles and 30,000 meters with Rocket Assisted Projectiles (RAP Rounds).[8] The vehicle can carry 36 complete rounds of ammunition and has a 440 hp engine instead of the standard 405 hp engine.

M109A5+

Various manufacturers have upgraded the fire control and other components of the M109A5. BAE Systems in York PA recently delivered 12 M109A5+ vehicles to Chile.

M109A6 "Paladin"

Overall product improvement in the areas of survivability, RAM, and armament. This includes increased armor, a redesigned internal arrangement for safer ammunition and equipment storage, engine and suspension upgrades, and product improvement of the M284 cannon and M182A1 mount. The greatest difference is the integration of an inertial navigation system, sensors detecting the weapons' lay, automation, and an encrypted digital communication system, which utilizes computer controlled frequency hopping to avoid enemy electronic warfare and allow the howitzer to send grid location and altitude to the battery fire direction center (FDC). The battery FDCs in turn coordinate fires through a battalion or higher FDC. This allows the Paladin to halt from the move and fire within 30 seconds with an accuracy equivalent to the previous models when properly emplaced, laid, and safed—a process that required several minutes under the best of circumstances. Tactically, this improves the system's survivability by allowing the battery to operate dispersed by pairs across the countryside and allowing the howitzer to quickly displace between salvos, or if attacked by indirect fire, aircraft, or ground forces.

Ammunition storage is increased from 36 to 39 155 mm rounds.

M109 "KAWEST"

This Swiss improved version produced by Ruag incorporates a new Swiss-designed L47 155 mm gun with an increased firing range of up to 36 km. It features inertial navigation system coupled with a new gun-laying system and more ammunition storage(40 rounds, 64 charges). The KAWEST (lit. Kampfwertsteigerung = upgrade of combat capabilities) requires only 6 crew members instead of 8, and is able to fire 3-round bursts within 15 seconds or maintain a constant firing rate of over one round per minute.[9][10]

Upgraded Swiss PzHb (Panzerhaubitze) 79 and 88 (M109A1) are known as respectively PzHb 79/95 and PzHb 88/95.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

M109L52

Jointly developed by the Dutch firm RDM and the German firm Rheinmetall, the M109L52 was first revealed in 2002. The main improvement was replacing the M126 series gun with the longer 52-caliber cannon from the PzH 2000, thus the MTLS ammunition of the PzH 2000 can be used. In addition, improvements to the loading system were made. This resulted in an increase of the rate of fire to 9–10 rds/min from the original 3 rds/min, and this high rate of fire can be sustained for up to 2 minutes. A total of 35 rounds can be carried.

M109A3GNM

The current version in service with the Norwegian Army's Artilleribataljonen. 126 M109Gs were acquired from West Germany between 1969–1971. They were then upgraded to the M109A3GN configuration during the latter half of the 1980s. In 2006, there were still 56 M109A3GNs in the Army's inventory, meaning that at least 70 SPGs had been scrapped after the end of the Cold War. 14 of the M109A3GNs received additional upgrades in 2007, and were designated M109A3GNM. The upgrade includes, among other things, new intercom and new navigation and positioning systems. The M109A3GNMs are currently the only SPGs that remain in active service with the reminder of the M109s having been put in storage.[11]

K55/K55A1

K55/K55A1 (Paladin) are South Korean variants of the M109, originally based on M109A2 with additional domestic augmentations, license-produced by Samsung Techwin. They are fitted with NBC protection, automatic fire extinguishing system, and a modified ammunition reception module for K56 automatic ammunition resupply vehicle.[12] The Performance Improvement Program variant, K55A1, is a complete domestic overhaul of the K55[13] which is further augmented by Samsung Thales with modern digital ballistic computers, multifunctional data display and controllers, GPS navigation and target acquisition system, wireless datalink equipment, and upgraded fire control storage battery and power supply unit,[14] to closely match the US military's modernization of the Paladin into next-generation standard. Many improved technologies of the South Korean K9 Thunder were retrofitted on the K55A1. 1,040 howitzers of these variants were produced.

M109A7

The newest M109 version for U.S. service is the M109A7, formerly known as the M109A6 Paladin Integrated Management (PIM). The M109A7 shares common components with the Bradley Fighting Vehicle such as the engine, transmission, and tracks. This creates commonality with other systems and maximizes cost-savings in production, parts inventory, and maintenance personnel. The M109A7's on-board power systems harness technologies originally developed for the Non-Line-of-Sight Cannon; the electric drive is faster than the previous hydraulic system, and the automatic rammer more consistently rams the round into the gun for consistent velocities and better accuracy. It features a 600-volt on-board power system to accommodate additional armor and future networking technologies as they become ready. The M109A7 can sustain a one-round per-minute rate of fire and a maximum rate of fire of four rounds per-minute.[17]

Weighing {{convert|78,000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}, the M109A7 is {{convert|10,000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} heavier than its predecessor, and it has the capacity to grow to {{convert|110,000|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Even with the weight increase, the M109A7 can travel faster than previous versions at {{convert|38|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} and is more maneuverable than a Bradley Fighting Vehicle.[15]

Prototypes of the vehicle underwent government testing in preparation for a low-rate initial production decision. The testing included reliability, availability, and maintainability mission testing as well as ballistic hull and turret testing. M109A7 was slated to begin low-rate initial production by 2013. The U.S. Army plans on procuring a fleet of 580 sets of M109A7 howitzers and M992A3 ammunition support vehicles.[16]

In October 2013, the Defense Acquisition Board approved the decision to start M109A7 production. The FY 2014 budget called for $340.8 million in Paladin funding, which would be two dozen vehicle sets at $14.4 million per vehicle. The Army plans to buy 133 vehicles in 66 one-half vehicle sets starting in 2014, although one M109A7 howitzer and two supporting M992A3 ammunition carriers will be destroyed during tests. A full-rate production decision planned for February 2017.[17][18] On 31 October 2013, BAE received a $668 million contract to begin low-rate initial production of the M109A7.[19] The first M109A6 and M992A2 vehicles were disassembled and reassembled to M109A7 and M992A3 standard as part of low-rate initial production beginning in summer 2014.[20] Low-rate production deliveries began in April 2015.[21] The contract for full rate production was signed in December 2017 with 48 vehicles slated for construction.[22] The Army plans to upgrade 689 Paladins to A7-standard.[23]

The Army is looking to increase the capabilities of the M109A7. By introducing the new XM1113 RAP, it can reach {{cvt|40|km|abbr=on}} from the current 39-caliber barrel, and a planned barrel extension to 58-caliber can increase its range to {{cvt|70|km|abbr=on}}. The Army is also working on an autoloader to increase sustained rate of fire to 6-10 rounds per minute.[24]

Derivatives

M992

{{Main|M992 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle}}{{Cleanup split|M992 Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle|date=August 2010}}

The Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle (FAASV) is built on the chassis of the M109-series. It is also colloquially referred to as a "CAT" (referring to its nomenclature, CAT: Carrier, Ammunition, Tracked). It replaces the M548 supply vehicle. Unlike the M548, it is armored. This ammunition vehicle has no turret, but has a taller superstructure to store 93 rounds and an equivalent number of powders and primers. There is a maximum of 90 conventional rounds, 45 each in two racks, and 3 M712 Copperhead rounds. Until recently, much of the remaining internal crew space was taken up by a hydraulically powered conveyor system designed to allow the quick uploading of rounds or transfer of rounds to the M109-series howitzer. Most early models had an additional mechanism called an X-Y Conveyor to lift the rounds into the honeycomb-like storage racks in the front of the superstructure. A ceiling plate above the two racks can be unbolted and opened to allow the racks to be winched out of the vehicle. This vehicle is fitted with a Halon fire suppression system and a weapons mount similar to that on the M109 turret, usually mounting a Mk 19 grenade launcher for local defense against infantry and light armored vehicles. The latest models have a mounting point for two secure radios.

The hydraulic conveyor system is removed by crews as it is slower than moving the rounds by hand. Recently the army has removed the conveyor system and changed the two horizontal opening doors to two vertical doors opening from the center to provide protection to the crew during transfers.

The vehicle also contains a 2-stroke diesel powered auxiliary power unit that can power all non-automotive energy requirements on the Field Artillery Ammunition Supply Vehicle and on the howitzer when a slave cable is used to connect the two. This reduces fuel consumption when mobility is not required.

Training systems

The US Army uses the Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (FSCATT) in two versions for initial and sustainment training of the M109A6 and M109A5.[25] The system uses an actual surplus turret and a simulated ammunition system.

The Swiss Army uses a highly advanced KAWEST trainer from Van Halteren Metaal of the Netherlands.

The Dutch, Belgian, Thai, and Israeli Armies have various configurations of the Van Halteren Metaal M109 Howitzer Crew Trainer (HCT).

The US Army PEO STRI has a program called M109A7 Howitzer Crew Trainer (HCT). The plan is to procure 16 systems beginning in the 3rd Quarter of FY 20.[26]

Operators

Current operators

M109

  • {{LBY}}:[27]

M109A1

  • {{DJI}}: 10
  • {{ETH}}: 17
  • {{GRE}}: 51 A1B
  • {{IRN}}: 440
  • {{KUW}}: 5 A1B
  • {{MAR}}: 44 M109A1B
  • {{OMA}}: 15 A0
  • {{PER}}: 12
  • {{SUI}}: 224 (upgraded to M109 KAWEST)[28]
  • {{UAE}}: 40 (from Switzerland)[32]

M109A2/A3

  • {{BRA}}: 40 A3 (former Belgian) Brazilian Army
  • {{DEN}}: 2–6 (upgraded to M109 A3DK, used to be 76)[29]
  • {{GRE}}: 84 A2, 50 A3GEA1, 223 A3GEA2[30]
  • {{EGY}}: 400 A2
  • {{ITA}}: 221 M109L (with an Italian made 155 mm/39 calibre barrel)[31]
  • {{JOR}}: 356 A2/A2-90 (121 M109A2-90 purchased from Netherlands)
  • {{LBN}}: 12 A3
  • {{MAR}}: 78 M109A2, 22 M109A3 and 40 M-109L47
  • {{NOR}}: 14 M109A3GNM (active) + 42 M109A3GN (in storage).[11]
  • {{PAK}}: 150+ A2 in service with the Pakistan Army. Being Upgraded to M109A5 standard.[32][33]
  • {{POR}}: 6 A2 since 1981 (Portuguese Army). Currently retired from active-service and being used only in training duties.[34]
  • {{SAU}}: 60 A2s are currently being upgraded to A5s (2010)
  • {{ESP}}: 6 (Spanish Marines)[35]
  • {{TUN}}: 19–20 A2

M109A2/A5

  • {{AUT}}: 33 A2/A5O
  • {{LAT}}: 47 A5O, delivery 2017-2018[36][37]
  • {{ROC}}: 225

M109A4

  • {{INA}}: 36 units M109A4-BE bought from Belgium
  • {{MAR}}: 4 M109A4

M109A5

  • {{BRA}}: 96 surplus U.S. Army on order, to be upgraded to M109A5+, contract awarded to BAE Systems on 19 September 2016[38][39][40] Deliveries to begin in 2019.[41]
  • {{CHI}}: 48 (24 from Switzerland, upgraded to M-109 KAWEST,[42][10] 12 A3 and 12 A5+ Upgrade to similar Paladin configuration[43])
  • {{EGY}}: 201
  • {{SAU}}: 36
  • {{IRQ}}: 24
  • {{ISR}}: 600
  • {{PAK}}: 115[32][44]
  • {{POR}}: 18 since 2002 (Portuguese Army). 14 of these vehicles were M109A2/A3 upgraded to A5 variant. This variant replaced the previous 6 M109A2 operated by the Portuguese Army.[45]
  • {{THA}}: 20
  • {{GRE}}: 12
  • {{ESP}}: 96 (Spanish Army)[46]
  • {{MAR}}: 70[47]
  • {{LBN}}: 74 TBD
  • {{flag|Malaysia}}: 29[48][49]

M109A6 Paladin

  • {{USA}}: 992
  • {{KSA}}: 177 Ordered in April 2018.[50]

M109A7

  • {{USA}}: 48 with a further 180 contracted options[51]

K55/K55A1

  • {{ROK}}: 1,040 K55(M109A2 Base) / K55A1(K-9 technology)

Former operators

M109A2/A3

  • {{BEL}}: 167 A2, of which 64 were upgraded to the -A4BE standard, the remainder being decommissioned
  • {{GER}}: 570 A3GE A1/A2, phased out by 1 July 2007 and replaced by the PzH 2000
  • {{NLD}}: 126 A2/90 phased out and largely replaced by the PzH 2000
  • {{UK}}: 140+ entered service in 1965, upgraded to -A1 and -A2 standards, and eventually sold to Austria in 1994

M109A4

  • {{BEL}}: 64 A4BE (all now decommissioned and some A3BE sold to Brazil and 36 A4BE to indonesia)
  • {{CAN}}: 76 A4B+[52] Phased out from the Canadian Forces since 2005, they were used between 1967 and 2005. All the vehicles had been modernized to the M109A4B+ SPH standard in the 1980s. They were primarily used by the 4 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group in Germany.[53]

See also

  • 2S3 Akatsiya - Soviet/Russian equivalent
  • PzH 2000 - German equivalent
  • GCT 155mm - French equivalent
  • AS-90 - British equivalent
  • PLZ-05 - Chinese equialent
  • Type 75/Type 99 - Japanese equialent
  • Sholef
  • M107 projectile
  • List of artillery
  • List of land vehicles of the U.S. Armed Forces
  • M549
  • M864
  • M795

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iLro9vsdW40|title=Battle of Mosul 2016- French Artillery Fire on ISIS / M109 Paladins Fire Support|website=YouTube}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/paladin/ |title=Paladin 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer |publisher=Army Technology |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JD92G3DZqA|title=M109 155mm Howitzer Self-Propelled from "Weapons of the Field Artillery" 1965 US Army|first=|last=Jeff Quitney|date=14 March 2012|publisher=|via=YouTube}}
4. ^These Are the New Weapons the Pentagon Chief Wants for Tomorrow’s Wars - Defenseone.com, 2 February 2016
5. ^'Micro' Drones, 'Arsenal' Plane, Railguns Funded in New Defense Budget - Military.com, 2 February 2016
6. ^Robot Boats, Smart Guns & Super B-52s: Carter’s Strategic Capabilities Office - Breakingdefense.com, 5 February 2016
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Lathrop|first1=R.|title=M109 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 1960-2005|date=Feb 5, 2005|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781841766317|page=15}}
8. ^http://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m109.htm
9. ^{{cite web|title = M109|website = ruag.com |url = https://www.ruag.com/en/products-services/land/vehicles-weapon-systems/indirect-fire-artillery/m109}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|title =Chile Requests a Mechanized Artillery Battalion|website = Defense Industry Daily|url = https://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Chile-Requests-a-Mechanized-Artillery-Battalion-05515/|date = 6 October 2011 }}
11. ^1 {{cite web|author=Christian E Bergheim |url=http://www.fofo.no/Gammelt%20skyts%20treffer%20blink.b7C_wZfW3o.ips |title=Gammelt skyts treffer blink |language=Norwegian |work=Forsvarets Forum |date=21 November 2006 |accessdate=2017-02-06 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170106001001/http://www.fofo.no/Gammelt%20skyts%20treffer%20blink.b7C_wZfW3o.ips |archivedate=6 January 2017 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samsungtechwin.com/product/product_05_01_06.asp|title=K56}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://bemil.chosun.com/nbrd/gallery/view.html?b_bbs_id=10044&pn=1&num=158650|title=유용원군사세계 - bemil.com|first=|last=군사세계|website=bemil.chosun.com}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samsungthales.com/eng/product/product.asp?idx=9|title=Fire Control System For K55A1}}
15. ^US Army Breaking Out the Big New Guns - Defensenews.com, 27 April 2014
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.army.mil/article/64728/Army_developing_new_self_propelled_howitzer/|title=Army developing new self-propelled howitzer|date=1 September 2011 |accessdate=5 September 2011}}
17. ^BAE Systems could obtain new contract from U.S. Army for M109A7 155m self-propelled howitzer - Armyrecognition.com, 26 October 2013
18. ^New Paladin to Enter Low-Rate Production - Defensenews.com, 21 October 2013
19. ^BAE Systems Awarded Contract to Begin Production of Paladin Integrated Management - BAE press release, 31 October 2013
20. ^Self-propelled howitzer M109A7 and M992A3 carrier ammunition enter in service with U.S. Army - Armyrecognition.com, 20 May 2014
21. ^Army accepts delivery of first M109A7 Self-Propelled Howitzer system - Army.mil, 9 April 2015
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://mil-embedded.com/news/u-s-army-contracts-for-full-rate-production-on-m109a7-weapon-vehicle/|title=U.S. Army contracts for full-rate production on M109A7 weapon vehicle - Military Embedded Systems|website=mil-embedded.com}}
23. ^[https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/03/22/plan-would-double-artillery-upgrades-in-army-arsenal-over-the-next-five-years/ Plan would double artillery upgrades in Army arsenal over the next five years]. Army Times. 22 March 2019.
24. ^[https://www.defensenews.com/land/2018/03/20/army-to-demonstrate-precision-strike-hypersonics-and-ramjet-capabilities-in-just-a-few-years/ US Army to demo precision strike, hypersonics, ramjet capabilities in just a few years]. Defense News. 20 March 2018.
25. ^{{cite web|title=Fire Support Combined Arms Tactical Trainer (FS-CATT)|url=http://www.peostri.army.mil/PRODUCTS/FS-CATT/|publisher=US Army|accessdate=10 December 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109074435/http://www.peostri.army.mil/PRODUCTS/FS-CATT/|archivedate=9 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=bfa37012ddb08eb848b2ee5653f562d3&tab=core&_cview=1
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://esotericarmour.blogspot.co.uk/2012/09/libya-m109.html |title=Esoteric Armour Libya M109}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.he.admin.ch/internet/heer/de/home/verbaende/pzbr11/mittel/hauptwaffensysteme/panzerhaubitze.html |title=Panzerhaubitze M 109 KAWEST |publisher=He.admin.ch |date=2009-12-18 |accessdate=2010-12-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511191101/http://www.he.admin.ch/internet/heer/de/home/verbaende/pzbr11/mittel/hauptwaffensysteme/panzerhaubitze.html |archivedate=11 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
29. ^Stort set intet fungerende dansk artilleri tilbage Ingeniøren, October 2015. Quote: "Of the 6 operative, are only 2-4 available"
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7683&Itemid=47 |title=DefenceNet - "Κοσμογονία" για το πυροβολικό του ΕΣ: Αγοράζονται 36 PzH-2000 και 169 μεταχειρισμένα Μ109Α3GEA2 |publisher=Defencenet.gr |date=2009-05-13 |accessdate=2010-12-23 |language=Greek |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512210150/http://www.defencenet.gr/defence/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=7683&Itemid=47 |archivedate=12 May 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery/Oto-Melara-155-mm-M109L-self-propelled-howitzer-Italy.html |title=Oto Melara 155 mm M109L self-propelled howitzer (Italy) |work=Jane's Armour and Artillery |publisher=Janes.com |date=2010-02-09 |accessdate=2010-12-23}}
32. ^1 {{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Admiral Sureesh|title=South Asia Defence And Strategic Year Book 2008|year=2008|publisher=Pentagon Press|isbn=978-81-8274-320-5|page=329}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Cold War Bargains Still To Be Had|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htart/20100222.aspx|publisher=strategypage.com|date=February 22, 2010|accessdate=6 May 2013}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/ter.aspx?NN=12&P=77|title=M-109 A2/A3 - FMC-United Defense / BAE Systems / Portugal|publisher=Área militar|accessdate=2011-05-08}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/buques_infanteria/prefLang_es/05_material_IM--02_armamento--10_obus_m109_es |title=Obus Autopropulsado ATP M-109 A2 - InfanterÃa de Marina - Armada Española |publisher=Armada.mde.es |date= |accessdate=2010-12-23 |language=Spanish}}
36. ^{{cite web|title= Министр обороны подписал договор о покупке б/у гаубиц у Австрии |url=http://rus.tvnet.lv/novost/obschjestvo/359587-ministr_oboroni_podpisal_dogovor_o_pokupkje_bu_gaubic_u_avstrii|date=2017-05-27|work=Rus.TVNET|accessdate=2017-05-30|language=ru}}
37. ^{{cite web|title= VIDEO: Bruņotie spēki sāk apgūt jaunās haubices (VIDEO: The Armed Forces start to master the new howitzers |url=https://www.lsm.lv/raksts/zinas/latvija/video-brunotie-speki-sak-apgut-jaunas-haubices.a253075/|date=2017-10-09|work=LSM.lv|accessdate=2018-03-15|language=lv}}
38. ^Brazil; Army plans to purchase US Army surplus 155mm artillery pieces {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205022139/http://dmilt.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5863:brazil-army-plans-to-purchase-us-army-surplus-155mm-artillery-pieces&catid=35:latin-america&Itemid=58 |date=5 December 2014 }} - Dmilt.com, March 13, 2013
39. ^{{cite web|last1=Wasserbly|first1=Daniel|title=BAE Systems awarded long-stalled Brazilian howitzer modernisation deal|url=http://www.janes.com/article/63959/|website=IHS Jane's 360|accessdate=20 September 2016|location=Washington, DC|date=20 September 2016}}
40. ^{{cite web|last1=Barreira|first1=Victor|title=Brazilian Army receiving 60 more US M109A5 howitzers|url=http://www.janes.com/article/72409|website=IHS Jane's 360|accessdate=18 July 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20170718215330/http://www.janes.com/article/72409/brazilian-army-receiving-60-more-us-m109a5-howitzers|archivedate=18 July 2017|date=18 July 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite web|last1=Barreira|first1=Victor|title=Brazilian M109A5 howitzer deliveries delayed until 2019|url=http://www.janes.com/article/75976|website=IHS Jane's 360|accessdate=29 November 2017|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20171129225246/http://www.janes.com/article/75976/brazilian-m109a5-howitzer-deliveries-delayed-until-2019|archivedate=29 November 2017|date=29 November 2017|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
42. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Armour-and-Artillery-Upgrades/RUAG-Land-Systems-155-mm-M109-upgrade-Switzerland.html |title=RUAG Land Systems 155 mm M109 upgrade (Switzerland)}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.baesystems.com/Newsroom/NewsReleases/autoGen_11194133123.html|title=Error Page|website=BAE Systems - International}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-02/14/c_13174848.htm |title=U.S. delivers 48 field artillery cannons to Pakistan Army |publisher=News.xinhuanet.com |date=2010-02-14 |accessdate=2013-03-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106193042/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-02/14/c_13174848.htm |archivedate=6 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://areamilitar.net/DIRECTORIO/ter.aspx?NN=13&P=77|title=M-109 A5 - FMC-United Defense / BAE Systems / Portugal|accessdate=2011-05-08}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ejercito.mde.es/materiales/armamento/ATP-155-32 |title=:Ejército de tierra - ATP 155/39 M-109 A5E: |publisher=Ejercito.mde.es |date=2001-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-23 |language=Spanish |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112211628/http://www.ejercito.mde.es/materiales/armamento/ATP-155-32 |archivedate=12 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
47. ^{{cite web|last1=Binnie|first1=Jeremy|title=Morocco takes delivery of M109A5 howitzers|url=http://www.janes.com/article/65722|website=IHS Jane's 360|accessdate=28 November 2016|date=24 November 2016}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsca.mil/programs/excess-defense-articles-eda|title=Excess Defense Articles (EDA) {{!}} The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency|website=www.dsca.mil|language=en|access-date=2017-08-25}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysiandefence.com/nexter-105mm-lg1-howitzer/|title=Nexter Systems LG1 105mm Howitzer - Malaysian Defence|website=www.malaysiandefence.com}}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/kingdom-saudi-arabia-155mm-m109a6-paladin-medium-self-propelled-howitzer-system |title=The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – 155mm M109A6 Paladin Medium Self-Propelled Howitzer System |publisher=Defense Security Cooperation Agency |date=5 April 2018 |accessdate=7 April 2018 |df=dmy-all }}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.defensenews.com/land/2017/12/21/us-army-awards-bae-contract-to-build-full-rate-production-howitzers/|title=US Army awards BAE contract to build full-rate production howitzers|first=Jen|last=Judson|date=21 December 2017|publisher=}}
52. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lf/English/1_6_3_2.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607182117/http://www.army.forces.gc.ca/lf/English/1_6_3_2.asp |title=The Canadian Army - 2006 - Structure - Fact Sheet - Transformation |archivedate=2008-06-07}}
53. ^{{cite book|author1=R. Lathrop|author2=Steven J. Zaloga|title=M109 155mm Self-Propelled Howitzer 1960-2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv7DB_R0KtQC&pg=PA48|year=2005|publisher=Bloomsbury USA|isbn=978-1-84176-631-7|page=48}}

External links

{{Commons|M109 howitzer}}
  • Gary's Combat Vehicle Reference Guide
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20141021072726/http://www.armyrecognition.com/united_states_us_army_artillery_vehicles_system_uk/m109a7_155mm_self-propelled_howitzer_technical_data_sheet_specifications_information_description_int.html M109A7 155mm self-propelled tracked howitzer artillery vehicle (United States) on armyrecognition.com]
  • [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/m109.htm Fas.org]
  • Globalsecurity.org
  • Israeli-weapons.com
  • [https://www.nsncenter.com/Library/M109 M109 Technical Manuals] M109 Technical Library & M109 Spare Parts
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:M109 Howitzer}}

6 : 155 mm artillery|Self-propelled howitzers of the United States|Tracked self-propelled howitzers|BAE Systems land vehicles|Self-propelled artillery of the United States|Cold War artillery of the United States
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