| 词条 | Prehistoric Beast |
| 释义 |
ContentSet 65 million years ago in what is now the Canadian province of Alberta, this short film depicts the chase and predation of a Monoclonius (or maybe a Centrosaurus, see below) by a Tyrannosaurus (or maybe a closely related genus, see below). The short opens with a tracking shot in the middle of a forest at night: the Tyrannosaurus is busy eating a dead Edmontosaurus. It is finishing the carcass. The next morning, a herd of Monoclonius is seen grazing. One member wanders into the forest to find more food. It finds a field of flowers and begins grazing. It wanders in further and starts to be hunted by the same Tyrannosaurus. The Tyrannosaurus steps on a twig, which makes the Monoclonius wary. The Monoclonius lets out a trumpet to signal the herd, then, possibly curious, keeps walking deeper into the forest. It soon stumbles upon the remains of the Edmontosaurus killed by the Tyrannosaurus. While the Monoclonius ponders over the carcass, the Tyrannosaurus sneaks up from behind. The Tyrannosaurus begins the battle by attacking the Monoclonius and biting hard on its back. The Monoclonius manages to break free from its enemy’s jaws and gores the Tyrannosaurus in its shin with its nasal horn, but this apparently enrages the Tyrannosaurus, which then corners it near some trees. The Monoclonius lets out one last cry before it is presumably killed. The Monoclonius herd start to call out for their missing member, not knowing that it has been killed. The Tyrannosaurus is next seen trying to find a place to sleep and digest its meal. InconsistencyThe film is set 65 million years ago in what is now Alberta, in modern Canada. This is consistent with the presence of the carnivore dinosaur shown in the short if we consider that the carnivore corresponds to the genus Tyrannosaurus. Indeed, in the mid-1980s when the short was released, tyrannosaurs where considered as an extant species in North America 65 million years before the present. Currently, the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that engaged the extinction of tyrannosaurs and other non-avian dinosaurs is admitted to have happened far before, approximately 66 million years ago.[2] However, the herbivore dinosaur in the short is a ceratopsian and it might be identified as a Monoclonius. But it also could be a Centrosaurus. Some scientists already have suggested that both genera, Monoclonius and Centrosaurus, are synonyms. Specimens of both genera, whether or not synonymised with Centrosaurus, are found in close stratigraphic ranges: from 77 million years ago (Ma) to 74.8 Ma for Monoclonius and from 76.5 Ma to 75.5 Ma for Centrosaurus. Even if considered as separated genera (not synonyms), Centrosaurus' temporal range is completely overlapped by Monoclonius' own temporal range (of course only in the cases when the affected fossil remains are attributed to Monoclonius). Whether or not Monoclonius is a synonym of Centrosaurus, none of them were extant populations of dinosaurs in the period where the short is set, this is: 65 million years ago. The temporal range of Tyrannosaurus specimens doesn't start before the extinction of the Monoclonius/Centrosaurus morphotype. The latter spans in a stratigraphic range where several carnivore dinosaurs were morphologically very similar to Tyrannosaurus, sharing the same period and geographical area than Monoclonius/Centrosaurus. A few examples of such carnivore dinosaurs are the genera Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus or Albertosaurus. Thus, Prehistoric Beast cannot be considered as a scientifically consistent short film because even if the meat-eater shown in the film was assumed to be one of such tyrannosaurids, like Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus or Albertosaurus for example, none of them lived 65 million years before the present day, which is the period back in time where the film's action is supposed to be set. When some of these Prehistoric Beast sequences were added to the 1985 documentary Dinosaur!, Christopher Reeve, who hosted the show, named both animals respectively Monoclonius and Tyrannosaurus rex, thus being inconsistent. Nevertheless, it is worth mentioning that a 1993 Canadian documentary titled Dinosaurs: Messages in Stone[3] reused special effects sequences from Dinosaur! and Prehistoric Beast under authorization. In the ending credits of Dinosaurs: Messages in Stone, the affected species by the reused sequences are mentioned as Duckbill, Daspletosaurus and Struthiomimus, thus being consistent for considering the meat-eater as a Daspletosaurus (or an Albertosaurus) but not a Tyrannosaurus. Prelude of a full-length documentaryPrehistoric Beast was only released in specialized animation festivals, but it convinced Robert Guenette and Steven Paul Mark to request Tippett's skills in order to transform it in a full-length documentary. They then asked Tippett to realize new sequences with other dinosaur species, and the Prehistoric Beast material was added to the new one, resulting on Dinosaur! in 1985. Tippett had already participated in The Empire Strikes Back (1980), animating the tauntauns seen in the film, and his experimental work on Prehistoric Beast and Dinosaur! served to the animated dinosaurs sequences he made some years later for Jurassic Park (1993). Digital re-releaseOn April 6, 2011, the Tippett Studio had published on its YouTube official channel a digital restoration of the short.[4] LegacyAs for the subsequent documentary Dinosaur!, Phil Tippett, while making Prehistoric Beast, received assistance from ILM stop-motion animators Randy Dutra (who made the dinosaur molds and skins) and Tom St. Amand (who made the inner articulated metallic skeletons of the dinosaurs).[5] In the 1933 film King Kong, a Stegosaurus attacks the film characters and after having killed it by gun fire one of the characters identifies it as being "a prehistoric beast". This line, taken from the film, inspired Phil Tippett when giving a title to his 1984 animated short film.[6] An excerpt from this King Kong scene is shown in the final 1985 documentary Dinosaur!, as a reference to Prehistoric Beast, the short sequence by which it was preceded. References1. ^1980s section from Primeval Time, a dinosaurs documentaries specialised website 2. ^{{cite journal |last=Renne |first=Paul R. |last2=Deino |first2=Alan L. |last3=Hilgen |first3=Frederik J. |last4=Kuiper |first4=Klaudia F. |last5=Mark |first5=Darren F. |last6=Mitchell |first6=William S. |last7=Morgan |first7=Leah E. |last8=Mundil |first8=Roland |last9=Smit |first9=Jan |title=Time Scales of Critical Events Around the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary |journal=Science |date=7 February 2013 |volume=339 |issue=6120 |pages=684–687 |doi=10.1126/science.1230492 |pmid=23393261 |url=http://www.cugb.edu.cn/uploadCms/file/20600/20131028144132060.pdf |bibcode=2013Sci...339..684R}} 3. ^[https://search.library.utoronto.ca/details?1002541 Dinosaurs: Messages in Stone (1993), hosted by Leslie Nielsen, directed by John Robichaud, produced by Prehistoric Productions Ltd.] 4. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlaXIRTjNfo Prehistoric Beast digital restoration, as published on April 6 2011 by the Phil Tippett Studio's official channel in Youtube] 5. ^Animator Tom St. Amand filmography, TCM.com 6. ^Movie Magic: Behind the Scenes - Dinomania (The Discovery Channel, 1996) External links
4 : Stop-motion animated films|Dinosaur films|Films without speech|1984 films |
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