| 词条 | MacArthur Foundation |
| 释义 |
| logo = MacArth primary logo stacked.svg | logo_size = 220px | type = | leader_title = President | leader_name = Julia Stasch | key_people = John D. MacArthur (co-founder) Catherine T. MacArthur (co-founder) | subsidiaries = | footnotes = | name = John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation | founded_date = {{start date and age|1970}}[1][2] | founder = | location = Marquette Building, Chicago, Illinois | origins = | area_served = | product = | focus = Climate change, mass incarceration, nuclear challenges, non-profit journalism, local issues in Chicago | method = | revenue = | endowment = $7.0 billion (12/31/2017) | num_volunteers = | num_employees = | num_members = | owner = | Non-profit_slogan = "Committed to building a more just, verdant & peaceful world." | homepage = {{URL|https://macfound.org}} | dissolved = }} The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation is the 12th-largest private foundation in the United States.[3] Based in Chicago, the Foundation makes grants and impact investments to support non-profit organizations in Chicago, across the U.S., and in approximately 50 countries. MacArthur reports that it has awarded more than US$6.8 billion since its first grants in 1978.[1] According to the Foundation, it has an endowment of $7.0 billion and provides approximately $260 million annually in grants and impact investments.[4][5] The Foundation's stated aim is to support "creative people, effective institutions, and influential networks building a more just, verdant, and peaceful world."[4][6] MacArthur's current grant-making priorities include mitigating climate change, reducing jail populations, decreasing nuclear threats, supporting nonprofit journalism, and funding local priorities in its hometown of Chicago.[7] The MacArthur Fellows Program, also referred to as "genius grants", awards $625,000 no-strings-attached grants annually to about two dozen creative individuals in diverse fields.[8] The Foundation's 100&Change competition awards a $100 million grant every three years to a single proposal. HistoryJohn D. MacArthur owned Bankers Life and Casualty and other businesses, as well as considerable property holdings in Florida and New York. His wife, Catherine, held positions in many of these companies. Their attorney, William T. Kirby, and Paul Doolen, their CFO, suggested that the family create a foundation to be endowed by their vast fortune. One of the reasons MacArthur originally set up the Foundation was to avoid taxes.[9][10]When MacArthur died on January 6, 1978, he was worth in excess of $1,000,000,000. He left 92 percent of his estate to found the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The composition of the Foundation’s first board of directors, per MacArthur’s will, also included J. Roderick MacArthur, John's son from his first marriage, two other officers of Bankers Life and Casualty, and radio commentator Paul Harvey.[1] Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine, later joined the Foundation's board of directors.[11] MacArthur believed in the free market.[12][13] However, MacArthur did not spell out specific parameters for how his money was to be spent after he died. MacArthur told the Foundation's board of directors, "I figured out how to make the money. You fellows will have to figure out how to spend it."[14] Between 1979 and 1981, John's son J. Roderick MacArthur, an ideological opponent of his father with whom the elder MacArthur had an acrimonious relationship, waged a legal battle against the Foundation for control of the board of directors.[9] The younger MacArthur sued eight members of the board, accusing them of mismanagement of the Foundation's finances.[15][16] By 1981, most of the original board had been replaced by members who agreed with J. Roderick MacArthur's desire to support liberal causes.[17] This ultimately resulted in the creation of what, in 2008, historian[18][19] and conservative commentator[20] Martin Morse Wooster called "one of the pillars of the liberal philanthropic establishment."[21] In 1984, MacArthur again sued the board of directors, asking a Cook County circuit court to liquidate the entire MacArthur Foundation. He dropped the suit later that same year when he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.[22][23] LeadershipJohn E. Corbally, the first president of the Foundation and later board chairman from 1995 to 2002, was followed in 1989–99 by Adele Simmons, who was the first female dean at Princeton University.[24][25] Jonathan Fanton, president of American Academy of Arts and Sciences, served as the Foundation's next president.[24][26] Robert Gallucci, formerly dean of Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, served as the Foundation's fourth president from 2009 to 2014.[24][27] Gallucci was fired in 2014, with the Foundation's board announcing it was "looking for a new kind of leadership."[28] Julia Stasch, who formerly served as MacArthur's vice president for U.S. Programs, was named the Foundation's president in 2015.[1] Stasch had formerly served as chief of staff to Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley.[29] She announced that she would step down in 2019.[30] In March, 2019, John Palfrey was named the next president of the foundation, effective September 1, 2019.[31]MacArthur Fellowship{{main|MacArthur Fellows Program}}The MacArthur Fellowship is an award issued by the MacArthur Foundation each year, to typically 20 to 30 citizens or residents of the United States, of any age and working in any field, who "show exceptional merit and promise for continued and enhanced creative work." The program was initiated in 1981.[32] According to the Foundation, the fellowship is not a reward for past accomplishment, but an investment in a person's originality and potential. MacArthur Fellows receive $625,000 each, which is paid out in quarterly installments over five years.[33] No one can apply for the program, and, generally, no one knows if he or she is being considered as a candidate. Nominators, serving confidentially, anonymously and for a limited time, are invited to recommend potential Fellows. Candidates are reviewed by a Selection Committee, whose members also serve confidentially, anonymously and for a limited time. Ultimately, the Committee makes recommendations to the Foundation's Board of Directors for final approval.[8] 100&ChangeIn June 2016, the foundation put out a call for "proposals promising real progress toward solving a critical problem of our time in any field or any location." The winning proposal would receive a $100 million grant. Almost 2,000 proposals were submitted. In December 2017, the foundation announced that the winning proposal was submitted by the Sesame Workshop and the International Rescue Committee. The grant was put toward educating Middle Eastern refugee children.[34] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |title = MacArthur Foundation: Our History |url = http://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/ |publisher = MacArthur Foundation |access-date = July 14, 2015 }} 2. ^{{cite news |last1 = Nicas |first1 = Jack |title = The New Class of 'Geniuses' |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424053111903374004576580873957522748 |access-date = June 12, 2015 |work = The Wall Street Journal |date = September 20, 2011 }} 3. ^{{cite web |title = Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size |url = http://data.foundationcenter.org/#/foundations/all/nationwide/top:assets/list/2014 |publisher = Foundation Center |access-date = June 3, 2015 }} 4. ^1 {{cite news |title = MacArthur Foundation: Chicago Grants |url = http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/fundraising-in-chicago/macarthur-foundation-chicago-grants.html |access-date = June 3, 2015 |work = Inside Philanthropy }} 5. ^{{cite web |url = https://www.macfound.org/about/financials/ |title = Program Budgets |last = |first = |date = |website = |publisher = MacArthur Foundation |access-date = June 21, 2016 }} 6. ^{{cite web |title = About Us |url = http://www.macarthur.org/about/ |publisher = MacArthur Foundation |access-date = June 21, 2016 }} 7. ^{{cite news |last1 = Daniels |first1 = Alex |title = Inside MacArthur’s Rapid Strategic Shift to ‘Big Bets’ |url = https://philanthropy.com/article/Q-A-Inside-MacArthur-s/234874 |access-date = June 23, 2016 |work = The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date = January 11, 2016 }} 8. ^1 {{cite news |last1 = Conrad |first1 = Cecilia |title = Five Myths about the MacArthur 'Genius Grants' |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/five-myths-about-the-macarthur-genius-grants/2013/09/20/833963b8-213f-11e3-b73c-aab60bf735d0_story.html |access-date = June 23, 2016 |work = The Washington Post |date = September 20, 2013 }} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Nielsen|first1=Waldemar|title=Inside American Philanthropy: The Dramas of Donorship|date=1996|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ3WYPRE2K0C&pg=PA134|isbn=9780806128023|pages=132–34|access-date=September 1, 2016|via=Google Books}} 10. ^{{cite news|last1=Worley|first1=Sam|title=Can the MacArthur Foundation Find Its Mojo?|url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/September-2015/Julia-Stasch-MacArthur-Foundation|access-date=September 1, 2016|work=Chicago Magazine|date=August 17, 2015}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1 = Sherrow |first1 = Victoria |title = Jonas Salk |edition= Revised |date = 2009 |publisher = Infobase Publishing |isbn = 9781438104119 |page = 99 }} 12. ^{{cite news |last1 = Husock |first1 = Howard |title = Trust Chan and Zuckerberg to Decide How to Spend Their Money for the Public Good |url = https://www.philanthropy.com/article/Opinion-Trust-Chan-and/234491 |access-date = October 12, 2016 |work = The Chronicle of Philanthropy |date = December 4, 2015 }} 13. ^{{cite book |last1 = Hauer |first1 = Peter W. |title = The Big Picture: The Past, The Present, & Your Children's Future |date = 2011 |publisher = Author House |isbn = 9781420815351 |page = 355 }} 14. ^{{cite news |last1 = Frantz |first1 = Douglas |title = 'Charitable Patronage' Still Gets Foundation's Work Done |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-07-07/news/8502130696_1_ford-foundation-john-corbally-murray-gell-mann |access-date = October 12, 2016 |work = Chicago Tribune |date = July 7, 1985 }} 15. ^{{cite news |last1 = Teltsch |first1 = Kathleen |title = Foundation Leader Charting New Paths |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/25/us/foundation-leader-charting-new-paths.html |access-date = September 1, 2016 |work = The New York Times |date = May 25, 1991 }} 16. ^{{cite news |last1 = Kathleen |first1 = Teltsch |title = Suit to Continue Against Foundation |url = https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/03/us/suit-to-continue-against-foundation.html |access-date = September 1, 2016 |work = The New York Times |date = June 3, 1984 }} 17. ^{{cite book |last1 = Kriplen |first1 = Nancy |title = The Eccentric Billionaire: John D. MacArthur—Empire Builder, Reluctant Philanthropist, Relentless Adversary |date = 2008 |publisher = Amacom |isbn = 9780814409626 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zgadUj_Oa0wC&printsec=frontcover |access-date = September 1, 2016 |via= Google Books }} 18. ^{{cite book |last1 = Canning |first1 = C. |title = On the Performance Front: US Theatre and Internationalism |date = 2015 |publisher = Springer |isbn = 9781137543301 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4WsMCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 |access-date = October 13, 2016 |via= Google Books |quote = As historian Martin Morse Wooster comments... }} 19. ^{{cite book |last1 = Dietlin |first1 = Lisa M. |title = Transformational Philanthropy: Entrepreneurs and Nonprofits |date = 2011 |publisher = Jones & Bartlett Publishers |isbn = 9781449667610 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GYj60CZPUOwC&pg=PA99 |access-date = October 13, 2016 |via= Google Books |quote = Martin Morse Wooster, a historian and author of the book The Greatest Philanthropists and the Problem of Donor Intent }} 20. ^{{cite book |last1 = Brest |first1 = Paul |last2 = Harvey |first2 = Hal |title = Money Well Spent: A Strategic Plan for Smart Philanthropy |date = 2010 |publisher = John Wiley & Sons |page = 278 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QIj7tj3vKCYC&pg=PA278 |access-date = October 12, 2016 |via= Google Books }} 21. ^{{cite news |last1 = Morse Wooster |first1 = Martin |title = The Inscrutable Billionaire |url = http://www.philanthropyroundtable.org/topic/excellence_in_philanthropy/the_inscrutable_billionaire |access-date = October 12, 2016 |work = Philanthropy Magazine |publisher = Philanthropy Roundtable |date = Summer 2008 }} 22. ^{{cite news |last1 = Kleban Mills |first1 = Barbara |title = The MacArthur 'Genius' Awards Are Jeopardized as the Dying Patron Attacks the Foundation |url = http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20088625,00.html |access-date = September 1, 2016 |work = People |date = September 10, 1984 }} 23. ^{{cite news |last1 = Browning |first1 = Graeme |title = The son of the man who established the $1.5 billion foundation |url = http://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/07/27/The-son-of-the-man-who-established-the-15/2082459748800/ |access-date = September 1, 2016 |publisher = United Press International |date = July 27, 1984 }} 24. ^1 2 {{cite web |title = MacArthur Foundation: Past Presidents |url = http://www.macfound.org/about/our-history/past-presidents/ |publisher = MacArthur Foundation |access-date = July 14, 2015 }} 25. ^{{cite web |last = Fellers |first = Li |title = Dr. John Corbally, 79: First President Helped Establish MacArthur Foundation Identity |url = http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2004-07-26/news/0407260153_1_macarthur-fellows-program-genius-grants-president |work = Chicago Tribune |date = July 26, 2004 |access-date = July 14, 2015 }} 26. ^{{cite web |url = http://philanthropynewsdigest.org/news/people-in-the-news-4-20-14-appointments-and-promotions |title = People in the News (4/20/14): Appointments and Promotions |date = April 20, 2014 |access-date = June 26, 2015 |work = Philanthropy News Digest }} 27. ^{{cite news |last = Spector |first = Mike |title = Former Diplomat to Lead MacArthur Foundation |work = The Wall Street Journal |page = A2 |date = March 10, 2009 |url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123665286020579843?mod=todays_us_page_one |access-date = March 10, 2009 }} 28. ^{{cite news |last1 = Callahan |first1 = David |title = Why Did Mac Sack Bob? |url = http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2014/5/3/why-did-mac-sack-bob.html |access-date = June 12, 2015 |work = Inside Philanthropy |date = May 3, 2014 }} 29. ^{{cite news |last1 = Callahan |first1 = David |title = Julia Stasch Atop MacArthur: Change or More of the Same? Maybe Both |url = http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/2015/3/13/julia-stasch-atop-macarthur-change-or-more-of-the-same-maybe.html |access-date = June 12, 2015 |work = Inside Philanthropy |date = March 13, 2015 }} 30. ^{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Steve |title=MacArthur Foundation President Julia Stasch to step down next year |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-macarthur-president-stasch-retire-0925-story.html |accessdate=20 December 2018 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=September 25, 2018}} 31. ^{{cite news |title = John Palfrey Named New MacArthur President |url= https://www.macfound.org/press/press-releases/john-palfrey-named-new-macarthur-president/ |publisher = MacArthur Foundation |accessdate= 2019-03-15}} 32. ^{{cite news |last1 = Reich |first1 = Howard |title = MacArthur Fellows Program unveils wide-ranging events |url = http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-macarthur-fellows-program-unveils-events-20160111-column.html |access-date = September 1, 2016 |work = Chicago Tribune |date = January 12, 2016 }} 33. ^{{cite news |last1 = Calamur |first1 = Krishnadev |title = 'Geniuses' Revealed |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/09/2015-macarthur-genius-grants-announced/407758/ |access-date = September 1, 2016 |work = The Atlantic |date = September 29, 2015 }} 34. ^{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Steve |title=Sesame Workshop child refugee plan wins first MacArthur $100M challenge |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-sesame-wins-macarthur-100-million-dollar-grant-challenge-1221-story.html |accessdate=20 December 2018 |publisher=Chicago Tribune |date=December 20, 2017}} External links
4 : Foundations based in the United States|Non-profit organizations based in Chicago|Organizations established in 1970|1970 establishments in Illinois |
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