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词条 Private browsing
释义

  1. History

  2. Uses

  3. Support in popular browsers

  4. Security

  5. References

  6. External links

Private browsing, privacy mode or incognito mode is a privacy feature in some web browsers to disable browsing history and the web cache. This allows a person to browse the Web without storing local data that could be retrieved at a later date. Privacy mode will also disable{{dubious|Disabling cookies?| reason=Not only until you close the browser?|date=October 2018}} the storage of data in cookies and Flash cookies. This privacy protection is only within the browser application as it may leave traces on the hard drive and memory of the device,[1] or via websites by associating the IP address at the web server.[2]

History

The earliest reference to private browsing was in May 2005, and was used to discuss the privacy features in the Safari browser bundled with Mac OS X Tiger.[3] The feature has since been adopted in other browsers, and led to popularization of the term in 2008 by mainstream news outlets and computing websites when discussing beta versions of Internet Explorer 8.[4][5][6] However, privacy modes operate as shields because browsers typically do not remove all data from the cache after the session. Plug-ins, like Silverlight, are able to set cookies that will not be removed after the session.

The common web browser plugin Adobe Flash Player began supporting privacy mode in Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari with the release of version 10.1 in June 2010.[7].

Some browsers (like Internet Explorer 8) allow users to select the privacy mode for single tabs, whereas others create a more isolated environment protected by password and cryptography.

Uses

Private browsing has multiple uses, including:[8][9][10]

  • Reducing history, including autofill, browsing, and personal information.
  • Performing "pure searches" that are not influenced by prior browsing history or networks or friends' recommendations, which may weight and more highly rank certain results than others.
  • Preventing accidental saving of login credentials to accounts.
  • Signing into multiple accounts simultaneously, via multiple tabs. {{cn|reason=Cookies are not separated over tabs, meaning that logging in to one private tab also logs in to the others on the same domain. See https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1509802 for an example in FF (also true in other browsers)|date=January 2019}}
  • Testing websites.
  • Preventing other users of the computer from finding one's search history.
  • Viewing explicit material without outside knowledge.

The Mozilla Foundation performed a study about the user behavior when the feature is switched on and how long the session lasts. The results were that most sessions last only about 10 minutes, though there are periods where activation increases; usually around 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., 5 p.m., between 9 p.m. and 10 p.m., and a minor peak about an hour or two after midnight.[11]

Support in popular browsers

Private browsing is known by different names in different browsers.[12]

DateBrowserSynonym
2005|04|29}}Safari 4.4Private Browsing (Command⌘+Shift+n)
2008|12|11}}Google Chrome 4.4Incognito (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+n for Mac)
2009|03|19}}[13]Internet 5GInPrivate Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+p or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac)
2009|06|30}}Mozilla Firefox 3.5[14]Private Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+p or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac)
2010|03|02}}Opera 10.50[15]Private Tab / Private Window (Ctrl+Shift+n or ⌘+Shift+n for Mac)
2014|11|18}}Amazon Silk[16]Private Browsing (Swipe from the left edge of the screen, and then tap Settings and select Enter Private Browsing)
2015|07|29}}Microsoft EdgeInPrivate Browsing (Ctrl+Shift+p or ⌘+Shift+p for Mac)

Security

In 2012, Brazilian researchers published the results of a research project[17] where they applied forensic techniques (namely the Foremost data carving tool and Strings program) to extract information about the users browsing activities on Internet Explorer and Firefox browsers with their private mode enabled. They were able to collect enough data to identify pages visited and even partially reconstruct them.

This research was later extended[18] to include Chrome and Safari browsers. The gathered data proved that browsers' private mode implementations are not able to fully hide users' browsing activities and that browsers in private mode leave traces of activities in caching structures and files related to the paging process of the operating system.

Another independent security analysis, performed by a group of researchers at Newcastle University in 2014, shows a range of security vulnerabilities in the implementation of the private mode across four major browsers (IE, Firefox, Chrome and Safari).[19] The results are summarized below.

  1. Browser extensions are potential threats to the user privacy. By design, existing browsers (e.g., Firefox, Safari) commonly choose to enable extensions in the private mode by default. This however allows an installed extension to secretly record the visited websites without the user's awareness. Newer versions of Chrome disable extensions in the private mode by default, but allow the private and the normal modes to run in parallel. This makes it possible for an installed extension in the normal mode to learn the user activities in the private mode by measuring the usage of shared computing resources.
  2. Data erasure by the browser alone is found to be insufficient. For example, the records of visited websites during the private session can be retained in memory for a long time even after the private session is closed. In addition, the visited website records are usually kept by the operating system in the local DNS cache. Furthermore, the modified timestamps of certain profile files saved on the disk may reveal if the private mode was previously turned on and when it was turned on.
  3. Software bugs present in some browsers are found to seriously degrade the security of the private mode. For example, in some earlier versions of Safari, the browser retained private browsing history records if the browser program was not closed normally (e.g., as a result of program crash), or if the user acted to add a bookmark within the private mode.
  4. Depending on whether the session is in the private or the normal mode, web browsers typically exhibit different user interfaces and traffic characteristics. This allows a remote website to tell if the user is currently in the private mode, for example, by checking the color of the hyperlinks or measuring the time of writing cookies. (The fact that the user is using the private mode should be considered protected information as well.)

In 2010, professors at Stanford University found that while Firefox won't record your history during a private browsing session, it still records the sites on which you've installed SSL certificates (which enable secure, encrypted information exchange indicated by the "https" in front of the URL) and allows specific permissions. If you download an SSL certificate from a website or told that site specifically to stop displaying pop-ups and downloading cookies, all of that information is still stored on Firefox.{{cn|date=June 2018}}

In 2015, researchers from Pennsylvania State University found that a considerable amount of extensions on Firefox violated the private browsing policy based on an investigation of the top 2,000 extensions.[20] Many extensions maintain their own profile folders on the local machine, and most of them will not wipe the browsing data after the private browsing session ends. This violation even happens on some most popular extensions with millions of users on Firefox.

References

1. ^{{cite news |last1=Verger |first1=Rob |title=Your private browsing isn’t as incognito as you want it to be |url=https://www.popsci.com/private-browsing |accessdate=15 September 2018 |date=26 February 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.howtogeek.com/117776/htg-explains-how-private-browsing-works-and-why-it-doesnt-offer-complete-privacy/|title=HTG Explains: How Private Browsing Works and Why It Doesn't Offer Complete Privacy|publisher=How-To Geek}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/software/mac-os-x/safaris-private-porn-browsing-mode-102146.php|title=Safari's private (porn) browsing mode|last=Trapani|first=Gina|authorlink=Gina Trapani|date=May 4, 2005|publisher=Lifehacker|accessdate=2010-04-11}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=1550|title=Microsoft to roll out more granular 'porn mode' with IE 8|first=Mary Jo|last=Foley|publisher=ZDNet|accessdate=2008-10-04}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.redherring.com/Home/24763|title=Microsoft's Internet Explorer 8 Goes 'Porn Mode'|first=Lalee|last=Sadighi|publisher=Red Herring|accessdate=2008-10-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912040417/http://www.redherring.com/Home/24763|archivedate=2008-09-12|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://apcmag.com/microsoft_releases_ie8_beta_2.htm|title=Microsoft releases IE8 beta 2: MS porn mode included|first=Angus|last=Kidman|publisher=APC|accessdate=2008-10-04}}
7. ^{{cite web|last1=Xu|first1=Jimson|last2=Nguyen|first2=Tom|title=Private browsing in Flash Player 10.1 |url=http://www.adobe.com/devnet/flashplayer/articles/privacy_mode_fp10_1.html|publisher=Adobe Systems|accessdate=14 January 2011|date=30 June 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/7-situations-where-you-should-use-private-browsing-mode-179175|title=7 Great Uses for Your Browser's Private Browsing Mode|first=Taryn|last=Fiol|date=23 October 2012|publisher=Apartment Therapy}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://null-byte.wonderhowto.com/how-to/5-great-reasons-why-you-should-use-private-browsing-online-0140619/|title=5 Great Reasons Why You Should Use Private Browsing Online|first=Osas|last=Obaiza|publisher=Null Byte}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://lifehacker.com/5620502/nine-great-uses-for-private-browsing-that-dont-involve-porn|title=Nine Great Uses for Private Browsing that Don't Involve Porn|first=Adam|last=Pash|publisher=Lifehacker|date=25 August 2010}}
11. ^{{cite web|last=Ulmer|first=Hamilton|title=Understanding Private Browsing|url=http://blog.mozilla.com/metrics/2010/08/23/understanding-private-browsing/|work=Blog of Metrics|publisher=Mozilla Foundation|accessdate=24 August 2010|date=23 August 2010}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.digitalcitizen.life/how-browse-web-incognito-all-big-browsers|title=How to go incognito in all web browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Edge, and Internet Explorer|date=November 9, 2018|work=Digital Citizen|last=Parchisanu|first=Daniel|access-date=January 9, 2019}}
13. ^{{Cite press release|url=http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY=/www/story/03-19-2009/0004991142|publisher=Microsoft|title=Microsoft Announces Availability of Internet Explorer 8|accessdate=16 December 2011|date=19 March 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322090328/http://news.prnewswire.com/ViewContent.aspx?ACCT=109&STORY=%2Fwww%2Fstory%2F03-19-2009%2F0004991142|archivedate=22 March 2009|df=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://mxr.mozilla.org/mozilla1.9.1/source/browser/locales/en-US/chrome/browser/aboutPrivateBrowsing.dtd#1|title=Mozilla Cross-Reference mozilla1.9.1|publisher=Mozilla Foundation|accessdate=2009-05-26}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://labs.opera.com/news/2009/12/22/|title=Opera 10.5 pre-alpha for Labs|publisher=Opera Software|accessdate=2009-12-22|first=Roberto|last=Mateu|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/61DUAFSVw?url=http://labs.opera.com/news/2009/12/22/|archivedate=2011-08-26|df=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://amazonsilk.wordpress.com/2014/11/18/private-browsing-for-amazon-silk/|title=Private Browsing for Amazon Silk|publisher=Amazon Inc.|accessdate=2014-11-18|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222053804/https://amazonsilk.wordpress.com/2014/11/18/private-browsing-for-amazon-silk/|archivedate=2014-12-22|df=}}
17. ^R. Ruiz, F. P. Amatte, K. J. B. Park, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258491690_Making_the_In_Private_Navigation_as_Public_%28Tornando_Pblica_a_Navegao_In_Private%29_Portuguese Tornando Pública a Navegação “In Private”]. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Forensic Computer Science – ICoFCS 2012, Available online Sep 2012.
18. ^R. Ruiz, F. P. Amatte, K. J. B. Park, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271497300_Opening_the__Private_Browsing__Data__Acquiring_Evidence_of_Browsing_Activities Opening the “Private Browsing” Data – Acquiring Evidence of Browsing Activities]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Security and Cyber Forensics (InfoSec2014), Available online Oct 2014.
19. ^{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/j.jisa.2014.02.002|title = On the privacy of private browsing – A forensic approach|journal = Journal of Information Security and Applications|volume = 19|pages = 88–100|year = 2014|last1 = Satvat|first1 = Kiavash|last2 = Forshaw|first2 = Matthew|last3 = Hao|first3 = Feng|last4 = Toreini|first4 = Ehsan}}
20. ^B. Zhao, P. Liu, Private Browsing Mode Not Really That Private: Dealing with Privacy Breaches Caused by Browser Extensions. In Proceedings of the 45th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2015), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Available online June 2015.

External links

  • {{cite web|url= https://m.wikihow.com/Turn-Off-Private-or-Incognito-Browsing|title= How to Turn On Private or Incognito Browsing|language= en|website= Wikihow|access-date= Jul 31, 2018}}
{{Web browsers|fsp}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Privacy Mode}}

3 : Web browsers|Privacy|2005 introductions
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