1. Etymology

2. Characteristics
    Phonology  Grammar  Vocabulary 

3. See also

4. References

5. Bibliography

6. External links

Mackem, Makem or Mak'em is the informal nickname for residents of and people from Sunderland, a city in North East England. It is also a name for the local accent (not to be confused with Geordie); and for a fan, whatever their origin, of Sunderland A.F.C. It has been used by (a proportion of) the people of Sunderland to describe themselves since the 1980s, prior to which it was mainly used in Tyneside as a disparaging exonym.^[1] An alternative name for a Mackem (except in the sense of a football supporter) is a Wearsider.

Etymology

One explanation for the term Mackem is that it stems from "mackem and tackem" with mackem as a corruption of the local pronunciation of "make them" (roughly "mak 'em") and takem from "take them"^[2][3] (although these pronunciations are now uncommon in ordinary speech).

The expressions date back to the height of Sunderland's shipbuilding history, as the shipwrights would make the ships, then the maritime pilots and tugboat captains would take them down the River Wear to the sea - the shipyards and port authority being the most conspicuous employers in Sunderland. A variant explanation is that the builders at Sunderland would build the ships, which would then go to Tyneside to be outfitted, hence from the standpoint of someone from Sunderland, "we make 'em an' they take 'em" - however, this account is disputed (and, indeed, as an earlier form of the name was Mac n' Tac, it seems unlikely).^[4] Another explanation is that ships were both built and repaired (i.e. "taken in for repairs") on the Wear.^[5] The term could also be a reference to the volume of ships built during wartime on the River Wear, e.g. "We make'em and they sink'em".{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Whatever the exact origin of the term, Mackem has come to refer to someone from Sunderland and its surrounding areas, in particular the supporters of the local football team Sunderland AFC, and may have been coined in that context. Newcastle and Sunderland have a history of rivalry beyond the football pitch, the rivalry associated with industrial disputes of the 19th century.{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}

Evidence suggests the term is a recent coinage. According to the Oxford English Dictionary,^[6][7] the earliest occurrence of it in print was in 1988.^[8] The phrase "we still tak'em and mak'em" was found in a sporting context in 1973 in reference to Sunderland Cricket & Rugby Football Club.^[8] While this lends support to the theory that this phrase was the origin of the term "Mak'em", there is nothing to suggest that "mak'em" had come to be applied to people from Sunderland generally at such a date. The name "Mak'em" may refer to the Wearside shipyard workers, who during World War II were brought into shipbuilding and regarded as taking work away from the Geordies on Tyneside.^[9]

Characteristics

There has been very little academic work done on the Sunderland dialect. It was a site in the early research by Alexander John Ellis, who also recorded a local song called Spottee.^[11] Ellis considered Sunderland close to a dialectal border, and placed the nearby village of Ryhope in a separate dialectal region together with areas that would now be seen as speaking Pitmatic.^[10] In the Survey of English Dialects, the nearby town of Washington was surveyed. The researcher of the site, Stanley Ellis, later worked with police on analysing the speech in a tape sent to the police during the Yorkshire Ripper investigation, which became known as the Wearside Jack tape because the police switched their investigation to Wearside after Ellis's analysis of the tape.^[11]

To people outside the region, the differences between Makem and Geordie dialects often seem marginal, but there are many notable differences.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}^[12] There is even a small but noticeable difference in pronunciation and grammar between the dialects of North and South Sunderland (for example, the word something in North Sunderland is often summik whereas a South Sunderland speaker may often prefer summat and people from the surrounding areas prefer summit).

Phonology

• Make and take are pronounced mak and tak ({{IPA|[ˈmak]}} and {{IPA|[ˈtak]}}) in the most conservative forms of the dialect. This variation is the supposed reason why Tyneside shipyard workers might have coined "Mak'em" as an insult.^[13] However, the pronunciation of the word is not confined to Sunderland and can be found in other areas of Northern England and Scotland.
• Many words ending in -own are pronounced {{IPA|[-ʌun]}} (cf. Geordie: {{IPA|[-uːn]}}).{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=This is too vague and it can't possibly based on spelling anyway, since English orthography is wildly inconsistent. "Town"/"noun" versus "own"/"bone" have radically different pronunciations. Which one are we talking about here? And how is the OTHER pronounced?}}
• School is split into two syllables, with a short {{IPA|[ə]}} in between, {{IPA|[ˈskʉ.əl]}}. This is also the case for words with a {{sc2|GOOSE}} vowel preceding {{IPA|/l/}}, which are monosyllabic in some other dialects, such as cruel, fuel and fool, in Mackem which are {{IPA|[ˈkrʉəl]}}, {{IPA|[ˈfjʉəl]}} and {{IPA|[ˈfʉəl]}} respectively.
• This "extra syllable" occurs in other words spoken in a Mak'em dialect, i.e. film is {{IPA|[ˈfɪləm]}}. This feature has led to some words being very differently pronounced in Sunderland. The word face, due to the inclusion of an extra {{IPA|[ə]}} and the contraction thereof, is often pronounced {{IPA|[ˈfjas]}}. While {{IPA|[ˈfjas]}} and some other cases of this extra vowel have been observed in the Geordie dialect,^[14] school in that variant is {{IPA|[ˈskjʉːl]}} versus Mak'em ' s {{IPA|[ˈskʉ.əl]}} (and {{IPA|[ˈskʉːl]}} or {{IPA|[ˈskʉl]}} in most other dialects).
• The {{sc2|COMMA}} vowel pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} as in Received Pronunciation, unlike the rhotic Scots variant. Cf. Geordie {{IPA|[æ]}}.
• Most words that have the {{sc2|TRAP}} vowel are pronounced with a short {{IPA|/æ/}} such as after, laughter, pasta. However, in the same way as the Geordie dialect, the words plaster and master are often pronounced with a long {{IPA|/ɑː/}}. This isn't found in most northern accents apart from in the North East.
• The Mackem accent is different to Geordie is some instances. For example, the pronunciation of curry is often more like cerry. As well as this the use of ooo {{IPAc-en|uː}} in words with the {{sc2|BROWN}} vowel isn't as frequent as it is in the Geordie accent (Sunderland=town v Newcastle=toon). In words such as green and cheese it has been said that the Sunderland accent has more of a {{IPA|[ɛi]}} diphthong instead of the standard {{IPAc-en|iː}} vowel in most dialects of English.{{sfnp|Pearce|2012|p=12}}
• H-dropping in words such as him, her, half are said to be a feature in Sunderland, Butterknowle Hartlepool and Middlesbrough, but not in other areas of the North East.{{sfnp|Pearce|2009}}{{sfnp|Burbano-Elizondo|2008}}{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}

Grammar

• Dinnit (for do not or don't), as in "dinnit de that". {{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}
• Wee or whee for who: as in "Whee said that?" ("Who said that?")
• Whey or wey for why: "Whey nar!" ("Why no!"){{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}
• Tee for to in some constructions: "Where yae gawn tee?" ("Where are you going to?"){{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}
• Wuh or wa for we: "Wuh knew wed win" ("We knew we'd win").{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}
• Is or es for me: "Tell es what ya think" ("Tell me what you think"){{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}

Vocabulary

• The dialectal word haway means come on. In Newcastle it is often spelled and pronounced howay, while in Sunderland it is almost always haway. The latter spelling is featured in Sunderland A.F.C.'s slogan, "Ha'way The Lads." The local newspapers in each region use these spellings.
• Wesh and weshin (for wash and washing) are part of a wider regional dialectical trait which is reminiscent of Old English phonology, where stressed a mutated to e. This can also be observed in other modern Germanic languages, but it is particularly prevalent in German and Icelandic.{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA? In English, "a" and "e" can mean a lot of different things.}}
• Claes for clothes{{sfnp|Pearce|2012|p=14}}{{clarify|date=August 2011|reason=What's the IPA?}}

See also

• Monkey hanger
• Smoggie
• Sandancer

References

Bibliography

• {{cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Michael|date=31 March 2009|title=A Perceptual Dialect Map of North East England|journal=Journal of English Linguistics|volume=37|issue=2|pages=162–192|doi=10.1177/0075424209334026|ref=harv|url=http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/855/1/Pearce_2009.pdf}}
• {{cite journal|last=Pearce|first=Michael|date=2012|title=Folk accounts of dialect differences in Tyne and Wear|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274237721|journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica|volume=20|issue=1|doi=10.1515/dialect-2012-0001|pages=5–25|ref=harv}}
• {{cite journal|last=Burbano-Elizondo|first=Lourdes|date=2008|title=Language variation and identity in Sunderland|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3644/|location=Sheffield|ref=harv}}

External links

• Mackems Virtual Sunderland
• Wear Online – Home of the Mackem Dictionary

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