| 词条 | Mackinac Center for Public Policy |
| 释义 |
|name= Mackinac Center for Public Policy |image_size= |image_name= |caption= |established={{start date and age|1987}} |chairman= Clifford Taylor |head_label= President |head=Joseph G. Lehman |staff= |budget = Revenue: $6,434,630 Expenses: $6,003,578 (FYE December 2015)[1] |endowment = |debt= |location= Midland, Michigan |address= 140 West Main Street, P.O. Box 568, Midland, Michigan 48640 |website= {{URL|http://mackinac.org}} }} The Mackinac Center for Public Policy, in Midland, Michigan, is the largest state-based free market think tank in the United States.[2][3][4][5][6] The Mackinac Center conducts policy research and educational programs. It holds workshops for high school debate students. It sponsors MichiganVotes.org, an online legislative voting record database. Mackinac Center scholars generally recommend lower taxes, reduced regulatory authority for state agencies, right-to-work laws, school choice, and enhanced protection of individual property rights.[7][8] But they avoid socially conservative issues like abortion. Joseph P. Overton, (1960–2003), a senior vice president of the Mackinac Center, stated the political strategy that later became known as the Overton window. Overton said that politically unpopular, unacceptable policies must be changed into politically acceptable policies before they can be enacted into law.[9]HistoryAccording to the Mackinac Center, the organization was founded in 1987 by a group of citizens who met on Mackinac Island and shared an interest in making Michigan a better place to live and work. The organization is named after Mackinac Island.[10] The Center began operations in 1987 with no office or full-time staff. It formally opened offices in Midland in 1988 with its first president, Lawrence W. Reed, an economist, writer, and speaker who had chaired the economics department at Northwood University. The Lansing-based Cornerstone Foundation provided early direction and some funding.[11] The Center's first annual budget under Reed was $80,000. In 1997, the Mackinac Center moved from rented offices to its current headquarters after having raised $2.4 million to renovate a former Woolworth's department store on Midland's Main Street.[11] Reed served as president from the Center's founding until September 2008, when he assumed the title President Emeritus and also became the president of the Foundation for Economic Education. Former Chief Operating Officer Joseph G. Lehman was named the Mackinac Center's president on September 1, 2008.[12] The Mackinac Center is classified as a 501(c)(3) organization under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code.[13] The Mackinac Center is a member of the State Policy Network,[14] an umbrella organization of conservative and libertarian think tanks operating at the state level. In November 2006 The New York Times published a two-part series about state-based free market think tanks that described how the Mackinac Center trained think tank executives from 42 countries and nearly every US state. The New York Times reported that, "When the Mackinac Center was founded in 1987, there were just three other conservative state-level policy institutes. Now there are 48, in 42 states."[15] When asked by Detroit's Metro Times in 1996, the Center's President Lawrence Reed said: "Our funding sources are primarily foundations ... with the rest coming from corporations and individuals," but that "... revealing our contributors would be a tremendous diversion..."[16] In 2002, the Michigan Education Association (MEA) sued the Mackinac Center over the Center's use of a supportive quote by the MEA's President in fundraising material. In 2004, the Michigan Court of Appeals threw out the lawsuit.[17] In a 2011 interview, founder Joe Olson said that the Center was first conceived in a Lansing, Michigan bar at a meeting between Olson, fellow insurance company executive Tom Hoeg, Richard McLellan and then-Senator John Engler. Olson said the founders wanted an organization that would focus on research, writing, speaking, issuing press releases and looking at public policy from a free-market point of view.[18] In 2014, the organization released a mobile app, VoteSpotter.[19][20][21] The app allows users to track votes by elected officials in the United States. It was originally an extension of the organization's MichiganVotes.org website, but has since expanded to include other states.[20] PrinciplesThe Mackinac Center prefers the term "free market" over "conservative,",[2] because it does not address social issues such as abortion, censorship, and gambling. The Center writes that its ideology is most accurately characterized as flowing from the "classical liberal tradition" of Milton Friedman and others: "socially tolerant, economically sophisticated, desiring little government intervention in either their personal or economic affairs."[22] PublicationsIn addition to policy studies, the Center publishes a number of periodicals including Michigan Education Report, Michigan Privatization Report, Michigan Science, Michigan Capitol Confidential, Impact and Michigan Education Digest. PersonnelPolicy staff members
Adjunct scholars{{Col-begin}}{{Col-break}}
Board of directorsCurrent members of the Mackinac Center's board of directors include:[23]
Former members of the organization's board include:
References1. ^{{cite web |title= Charity Rating |url= http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=13884#.U643BI1dUQ4 |publisher= Charity Navigator }} Also see {{cite web |title= Quickview data |url= http://www.guidestar.org/profile/38-2701547 |publisher = GuideStar |quote= }} 2. ^1 {{cite news |work= The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/us/politics/17thinktank.html?ex=1321419600&en=3b6af3fbfa4ff01e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |title= Right-of-Center Guru Goes Wide With the Gospel of Small Government |date= November 17, 2006}} 3. ^{{cite web |title= About the Mackinac Center |url=http://www.mackinac.org/1668 |publisher= Mackinac Center |access-date= March 6, 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web |url= https://apps.irs.gov/app/eos/pub78Search.do?ein1=38-2701547&names=Mackinac+Center&city=Midland&state=MI&country=US&deductibility=all&dispatchMethod=searchCharities&submitName=Search |title= IRS Data: EIN 38-2701547 (Public Charity) |publisher= Internal Revenue Service }} 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dleg.state.mi.us/bcs_corp/dt_corp.asp?id_nbr=719871&name_entity=THE%20MACKINAC%20CENTER |title= The Mackinac Center: ID Number 71871; Domestic Nonprofit Corporation |publisher= Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs }} 6. ^{{cite news |last1= Heinlein |first1= Gary |last2= Livengood |first2= Chad |title= Worker Says Ending Film Incentives Will Cost Mich. Jobs |url= http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/politics/michigan/2015/03/04/house-panel-michigan-film-incentives/24368169/ |access-date= March 6, 2015 |work= The Detroit News |date= March 4, 2015}} 7. ^{{cite news |last1= Gardner |first1= Greg |title= After Firestorm, Michigan Right-to-Work Law Has Had Little Spark |url= http://archive.freep.com/article/20130901/BUSINESS06/309010025/michigan-right-to-work-impact-mackinac-center |access-date= March 6, 2015 |work= Detroit Free Press |date= September 1, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://archive.freep.com/article/20130901/BUSINESS06/309010025/michigan-right-to-work-impact-mackinac-center | title=After firestorm, Michigan right-to-work law has had little spark | last= | first= | date=1 September 2013 | website=Detroit Free Press | archive-url=https://archive.li/20150309134353/http://archive.freep.com/article/20130901/BUSINESS06/309010025/michigan-right-to-work-impact-mackinac-center | archive-date=9 March 2015 | accessdate=12 July 2018 }} 9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.mackinac.org/overtonwindow | title=A Brief Explanation of the Overton Window | last= | first= | date= | website=The Overton Window | accessdate=12 July 2018 }} 10. ^{{cite web |publisher= Mackinac Center |url= http://www.mackinac.org/features/join/article.aspx?ID=1543 |title= What Is the Mackinac Center?}} 11. ^{{cite press release |publisher= Mackinac Center |url= http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=696 |title= Mackinac Center to Build $2.4 Million Headquarters |date= March 23, 1998}} 12. ^{{cite news |work= Midland Daily News |url= http://www.ourmidland.com/articles/2008/07/21/local_news/1187664.txt |title= Lehman Succeeding Reed as Mackinac Center President |date= July 21, 2008}} 13. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.mackinac.org/article.aspx?ID=1668 |publisher= Mackinac Center |title= About}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spn.org/directory/organizations.asp |title=Directory SPN Members |publisher=State Policy Network |access-date=March 23, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318011132/http://www.spn.org/directory/organizations.asp |archivedate=March 18, 2015 |df= }} 15. ^{{cite news |work= The New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/17/us/politics/17thinktank.html?ex=1321419600&en=3b6af3fbfa4ff01e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss |title= Right-of-Center Guru Goes Wide With the Gospel of Small Government |date= November 17, 2006}} 16. ^1 {{cite news |last1= Guyette |first1= Curt |title= The Big Mac Attack |url= http://www.metrotimes.com/johnengler/002.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001001030005/http://www.metrotimes.com/johnengler/002.html |archive-date= October 1, 2000 |access-date= August 27, 2015 |work= Detroit Metro Times |date= 1996}} 17. ^{{cite news |last1= Martin |first1= Tim |title= Court Rejects Suit about Endorsing a Rival |agency= Associated Press |work= Detroit Free Press |date= March 22, 2004}} 18. ^{{cite news |last1= Totten |first1= Jim |title= Genoa Resident One of the Founders of Mackinac Center |url= http://www.livingstondaily.com/article/20111019/NEWS01/110190306/Genoa-resident-one-founders-Mackinac-Center |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111020073212/http://www.livingstondaily.com/article/20111019/NEWS01/110190306/Genoa-resident-one-founders-Mackinac-Center |archive-date= October 20, 2011 |access-date= September 1, 2015 |agency= Daily Press & Argus |via= Livingston Daily |date= October 19, 2011}} 19. ^{{cite web |title= Mackinac Center's 'VoteSpotter' Application for Smartphones |author= 10x25MM |work= Right Michigan |date= May 8, 2015 |access-date= September 6, 2015 |url= http://rightmi.com/mackinac-centers-votespotter-application-for-smartphones/ }} 20. ^1 {{cite news |title= Mackinac Center Hopes iPhone Users Add VoteSpotter App |last= Smith |first= John C. |publisher= Star 105.7 |access-date= September 6, 2015 |url= http://m.westmichiganstar.com/articles/wood-news-125494/mackinac-center-hopes-iphone-users-add-12068699 }} 21. ^{{cite web |title= Spot the Most Important Vote with Votespotter |last= Davis |first= Justin |work= West Bloomfield Local Stew |date= December 15, 2014 |access-date= September 6, 2015 |url= http://westbloomfield.localstew.com/news/spot-the-most-important-vote-with-votespotter }} 22. ^{{cite web |title= Is the Mackinac Center for Public Policy Liberal? Libertarian? Conservative?|url= http://www.mackinac.org/1663 |publisher= Mackinac Center |access-date= March 6, 2015}} 23. ^{{cite web |title= Board of Directors |url= https://www.mackinac.org/Board_of_Directors |publisher=Mackinac Center for Public Policy |access-date= 13 July 2018}} 24. ^{{cite news |last1= Kroll| first1= Andy |title= Behind Michigan's 'Financial Martial Law': Corporations and Right-Wing Billionaires |url= https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/03/michigan-snyder-mackinac-center |access-date= August 28, 2015 |work= Mother Jones |date= March 23, 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web |title= R.I.P. Paul Gadola |url= https://www.mackinac.org/20880 |access-date= August 28, 2015 |publisher= Mackinac Center |date= December 26, 2014}} External links
7 : Mackinac Center for Public Policy|501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations|Libertarianism in the United States|Midland, Michigan|Organizations based in Michigan|Political and economic think tanks in the United States|Think tanks established in 1987 |
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