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词条 Prostasomes
释义

  1. Historical background of prostasome research

  2. References

Prostasomes are submicron membranous vesicles (40-500 nm in diameter) secreted by the prostate gland epithelial cells into seminal fluid.[1] They possess an unusual lipid composition and a tight and highly ordered structure of their lipoprotein membranes resembling lipid raft. Prostasomes appear to improve sperm motility and protect against attacks from the female immune defense during the passage to the egg.[2]

The name prostasomes was coined (prosta-prostate; somes [Greek “soma”]-body) and the first functional study of prostasomes was performed [3][4][5][6][7]

Cancerous prostate cells and prostate cells with low differentiation continue to produce and secrete prostasomes.[8] The high incidence of prostate cancer in elderly men could take advantage of the immune protective activities supported by the prostasomes.

Immune regulating proteins found in prostasomes include: amino-peptidase N (CD13); dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26); enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase, CD10); angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, CD143); tissue factor TF (CD142, thromboplastin); decay accelerating factor (CD55); protectin (CD59, inhibitor of MAC) and complement regulatory membrane cofactor protein (CD46).[9][10][11] Prostasomes also contain high levels of the divalent cations: Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+.

Historical background of prostasome research

Year
1977-78 An ATPase activity in seminal plasma indicated an occurrence of membrane-surrounded extracellular vesicles [12][13][14]
1981 The first association between prostasomes and fertility was reported [15]
1983 The first electron microscopic pictures of prostasomes inside storage vesicles (multivesicular bodies) in cytoplasm of prostate epithelial cells and their extracellular release into lumen of the prostate [16][17]
1984 The role of prostasomes in infertility and prostate cancer was investigated [18]
1986-89 Studies on ATPases on the prostasomal surface [19][20][21][22]
1989 The prostasomal membrane was found to have a much higher cholesterol/phospholipid ratio than ordinary cellular membranes [23]
1990 Nucleic acid was found to be associated with prostasomes.[24] An interaction between prostasomes and sperm was shown [25]
1991-94 Prostasomes and their role in immunosuppression were investigated in several articles.[26][27][28] Granulophysin (CD63) was suggested as a marker for prostasomes[29]
1995-2001 Monoclonal antibodies against prostasomes were produced and several studies involving these antibodies were performed [30][31][32] as well as prostasome-sperm interaction studies.[33][34][35][36][37][38] Prostasomes were discovered in prostatic fluid of other species.[39][40] Prostatic cancer cell lines were found to produce prostasomes.[41][42] Prostasomes displayed anti-bacterial activity[43]
2001 Autoantibodies against prostasomes were evaluated as biomarkers for prostate cancer [44]
2003 The first comprehensive shotgun proteomics of the prostasome proteome [45] and it has been followed by two others [46][47]
2005 Haemostasis coupled to prostasomes and the prostasomal membrane in fertility and in cancer [48][49][50]
2009- Investigation of prostasomal DNA.[51][52][53] DNA was found in both non-malignant prostasomes as well as in prostate cancer (PC3) cell derived prostasomes/exosomes [51]
2009- Prostasomes as a serum biomarker of prostate cancer [54]
2015Lipid rafts purified from prostasome membranes [55]

References

1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Brody I | title = The prostasome: its secretion and function in man | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 822 | issue = 2 | pages = 203–18 | date = September 1985 | pmid = 2992593 | doi = 10.1016/0304-4157(85)90008-5 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Burden HP, Holmes CH, Persad R, Whittington K | title = Prostasomes--their effects on human male reproduction and fertility | journal = Human Reproduction Update | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 283–92 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16373403 | doi = 10.1093/humupd/dmi052 | url = http://humupd.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/12/3/283 }}
3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stegmayr B, Brody I, Ronquist G | title = A biochemical and ultrastructural study on the endogenous protein kinase activity of secretory granule membranes of prostatic origin in human seminal plasma | journal = Journal of Ultrastructure Research | volume = 78 | issue = 2 | pages = 206–14 | date = February 1982 | pmid = 6283103 | doi = 10.1016/s0022-5320(82)80024-5 }}
4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stegmayr B, Ronquist G | title = Stimulation of sperm progressive motility by organelles in human seminal plasma | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 85–90 | date = 1982 | pmid = 7123173 | doi = 10.3109/00365598209179734 | ref = 8 }}
5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stegmayr B, Ronquist G | title = Distribution of cyclic AMP in human seminal plasma and its relation to sperm progressive motility | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–5 | date = 1982 | pmid = 6289426 | doi = 10.3109/00365598209179735 | ref = 9 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stegmayr B, Ronquist G | title = Promotive effect on human sperm progressive motility by prostasomes | journal = Urological Research | volume = 10 | issue = 5 | pages = 253–7 | date = 1982 | pmid = 6219486 | doi = 10.1007/bf00255932 | ref = 10 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stegmayr B, Berggren PO, Ronquist G, Hellman B | title = Calcium, magnesium, and zinc contents in organelles of prostatic origin in human seminal plasma | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology | volume = 16 | issue = 3 | pages = 199–203 | date = 1982 | pmid = 6219456 | doi = 10.3109/00365598209179753 | ref = 11 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Nilsson BO | title = The Janus-faced nature of prostasomes: their pluripotency favours the normal reproductive process and malignant prostate growth | journal = Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–31 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14999234 | doi = 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500684 }}
9. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Ronquist G, Jin M, Schrimpf S, Nilsson BO | veditors = Motta PM | year = 1997 | chapter = Prostasomes and human reproduction | title = Microscopy of Reproduction and Development: A Dynamic Approach | pages = 213–219 | publisher = Antonio Delfino Editore | location = Rome }}
10. ^{{cite book | vauthors = Ronquist G, Carlsson L, Larsson A, Nilsson BO | chapter = Prostasomes | pages = 1–9 | veditors = Nilsson BO, Ronquist G | title = Prostasomes: proceedings from a symposium held at the Wenner-Gren Centre, Stockholm, in June 2001 | date = 2002 | publisher = Portland | location = London | isbn = 978-1-85578-151-1 }}
11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stewart AB, Anderson W, Delves G, Lwaleed BA, Birch B, Cooper A | title = Prostasomes: a role in prostatic disease? | journal = BJU International | volume = 94 | issue = 7 | pages = 985–9 | date = November 2004 | pmid = 15541114 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.05091.x }}
12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Hedström M | title = Restoration of detergent-inactivated adenosine triphosphatase activity of human prostatic fluid with concanavalin A | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 483 | issue = 2 | pages = 483–6 | date = August 1977 | pmid = 142513 | doi = 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90078-x | ref = 2 }}
13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Brody I, Gottfries A, Stegmayr B | title = An Mg2+ and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in human prostatic fluid: part I | journal = Andrologia | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 261–72 | date = 1978 | pmid = 152589 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1978.tb03030.x | ref = 9 }}
14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Brody I, Gottfries A, Stegmayr B | title = An Mg2+ and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in human prostatic fluid--part II | journal = Andrologia | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 427–33 | date = 1978 | pmid = 153718 | doi = 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1978.tb03064.x | ref = 8 }}
15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Brody I, Ronquist G, Gottfries A, Stegmayr B | title = Abnormal deficiency of both Mg2+ and Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase and secretory granules and vesicles in human seminal plasma | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 85–90 | date = 1981 | pmid = 6120566 | doi = 10.3109/00365598109179581 | ref = 6 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Stegmayr B, Brody I, Gottfries A | title = [Prostasomes--a newly discovered organelle that increases sperm motility] | journal = Lakartidningen | volume = 80 | issue = 9 | pages = 810–3 | date = March 1983 | pmid = 6865591 | ref = 5 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Brody I, Ronquist G, Gottfries A | title = Ultrastructural localization of the prostasome - an organelle in human seminal plasma | journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 88 | issue = 2 | pages = 63–80 | date = 1983 | pmid = 6649193 | doi = 10.3109/03009738309178440 | ref = 3 }}
18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Stegmayr B | title = Prostatic origin of fucosyl transferase in human seminal plasma--a study on healthy controls and on men with infertility or with prostatic cancer | journal = Urological Research | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 243–7 | date = 1984 | pmid = 6240149 | doi = 10.1007/bf00256148 | ref = 4 }}
19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Frithz GG | title = Prostasomes in human semen contain ADP and GDP | journal = Acta Europaea Fertilitatis | volume = 17 | issue = 4 | pages = 273–6 | date = 1986 | pmid = 3577591 | ref = 16 }}
20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G | title = Effect of modulators on prostasome membrane-bound ATPase in human seminal plasma | journal = European Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 231–6 | date = June 1987 | pmid = 2957209 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1987.tb01241.x | ref = 2 }}
21. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G | title = Zinc ion stimulation of ATP cleavage by prostasomes from human seminal plasma | journal = Urologia Internationalis | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 334–40 | date = 1988 | pmid = 2977004 | doi = 10.1159/000281386 | ref = 3 }}
22. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Frithz G, Jansson A | title = Prostasome membrane associated enzyme activities and semen parameters in men attending an infertility clinic | journal = Urologia Internationalis | volume = 43 | issue = 3 | pages = 133–8 | date = 1988 | pmid = 2902707 | doi = 10.1159/000281325 | ref = 4 }}
23. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arvidson G, Ronquist G, Wikander G, Ojteg AC | title = Human prostasome membranes exhibit very high cholesterol/phospholipid ratios yielding high molecular ordering | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 984 | issue = 2 | pages = 167–73 | date = September 1989 | pmid = 2548623 | doi = 10.1016/0005-2736(89)90212-5 | ref = 1 }}
24. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Olsson I, Ronquist G | title = Nucleic acid association to human prostasomes | journal = Archives of Andrology | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–10 | date = 1990 | pmid = 1691619 | doi = 10.3109/01485019008986852 | ref = 4 }}
25. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Nilsson BO, Hjertën S | title = Interaction between prostasomes and spermatozoa from human semen | journal = Archives of Andrology | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 147–57 | date = 1990 | pmid = 2327824 | doi = 10.3109/01485019008986874 | ref = 2 }}
26. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kelly RW, Holland P, Skibinski G, Harrison C, McMillan L, Hargreave T, James K | title = Extracellular organelles (prostasomes) are immunosuppressive components of human semen | journal = Clinical and Experimental Immunology | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 550–6 | date = December 1991 | pmid = 1747961 | pmc = 1554200 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb02968.x | ref = 2 }}
27. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Skibinski G, Kelly RW, Harkiss D, James K | title = Immunosuppression by human seminal plasma--extracellular organelles (prostasomes) modulate activity of phagocytic cells | journal = American Journal of Reproductive Immunology | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–103 | date = September 1992 | pmid = 1337434 | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00767.x | ref = 4 }}
28. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rooney IA, Atkinson JP, Krul ES, Schonfeld G, Polakoski K, Saffitz JE, Morgan BP | title = Physiologic relevance of the membrane attack complex inhibitory protein CD59 in human seminal plasma: CD59 is present on extracellular organelles (prostasomes), binds cell membranes, and inhibits complement-mediated lysis | journal = The Journal of Experimental Medicine | volume = 177 | issue = 5 | pages = 1409–20 | date = May 1993 | pmid = 7683035 | pmc = 2191001 | doi = 10.1084/jem.177.5.1409 | ref = 1 }}
29. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Skibinski G, Kelly RW, James K | title = Expression of a common secretory granule specific protein as a marker for the extracellular organelles (prostasomes) in human semen | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 755–9 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8150122 | doi = 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)56658-8 | ref = 2 }}
30. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist G, Fabiani R, Jin M, Nilsson BO, Elenbring K, Hjerten S | title = Adherence of human prostasomes to mouse spermatozoa and their displacement by monoclonal antibodies as revealed by free zone electrophoresis | journal = Archives of Andrology | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 101–7 | date = 1996 | pmid = 8907670 | doi = 10.3109/01485019608987085 | ref = 2 }}
31. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nilsson BO, Jin M, Ronquist G | title = Immunolocalization of prostasomes in the human prostate | journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 101 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–57 | date = 1996 | pmid = 8897705 | doi = 10.3109/03009739609178919 | ref = 5 }}
32. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nilsson BO, Jin M, Einarsson B, Persson BE, Ronquist G | title = Monoclonal antibodies against human prostasomes | journal = The Prostate | volume = 35 | issue = 3 | pages = 178–84 | date = May 1998 | pmid = 9582086 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980515)35:3<178::AID-PROS3>3.0.CO;2-D | ref = 2 }}
33. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arienti G, Carlini E, Verdacchi R, Cosmi EV, Palmerini CA | title = Prostasome to sperm transfer of CD13/aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1336 | issue = 3 | pages = 533–8 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9367181 | doi = 10.1016/s0304-4165(97)00071-8 | ref = 17 }}
34. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arienti G, Carlini E, Verdacchi R, Palmerini CA | title = Transfer of aminopeptidase activity from prostasomes to sperm | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1336 | issue = 2 | pages = 269–74 | date = August 1997 | pmid = 9305799 | doi = 10.1016/S0304-4165(97)00036-6 | ref = 18 }}
35. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlini E, Palmerini CA, Cosmi EV, Arienti G | title = Fusion of sperm with prostasomes: effects on membrane fluidity | journal = Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics | volume = 343 | issue = 1 | pages = 6–12 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9210640 | doi = 10.1006/abbi.1997.9999 | ref = 19 }}
36. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arienti G, Polci A, Carlini E, Palmerini CA | title = Transfer of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (E.C. 3.5.4.4) from prostasomes to sperm | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 410 | issue = 2–3 | pages = 343–6 | date = June 1997 | pmid = 9237659 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(97)00655-8 | ref = 20 }}
37. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arienti G, Carlini E, Palmerini CA | title = Fusion of human sperm to prostasomes at acidic pH | journal = The Journal of Membrane Biology | volume = 155 | issue = 1 | pages = 89–94 | date = January 1997 | pmid = 9002427 | doi = 10.1007/s002329900160 | ref = 21 }}
38. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Renneberg H, Konrad L, Dammshäuser I, Seitz J, Aumüller G | title = Immunohistochemistry of prostasomes from human semen | journal = The Prostate | volume = 30 | issue = 2 | pages = 98–106 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9051148 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19970201)30:2<98::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-G | ref = 12 }}
39. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Arienti G, Carlini E, De Cosmo AM, Di Profio P, Palmerini CA | title = Prostasome-like particles in stallion semen | journal = Biology of Reproduction | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 309–13 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9687300 | doi = 10.1095/biolreprod59.2.309 | ref = 16 }}
40. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Minelli A, Moroni M, Martínez E, Mezzasoma I, Ronquist G | title = Occurrence of prostasome-like membrane vesicles in equine seminal plasma | journal = Journal of Reproduction and Fertility | volume = 114 | issue = 2 | pages = 237–43 | date = November 1998 | pmid = 10070353 | doi = 10.1530/jrf.0.1140237 | ref = 5 }}
41. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nilsson BO, Lennartsson L, Carlsson L, Nilsson S, Ronquist G | title = Expression of prostasome-like granules by the prostate cancer cell lines PC3, Du145 and LnCaP grown in monolayer | journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 104 | issue = 3 | pages = 199–206 | date = 1999 | pmid = 10680953 | doi = 10.3109/03009739909178963 | ref = 14 }}
42. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nilsson BO, Egevad L, Jin M, Ronquist G, Busch C | title = Distribution of prostasomes in neoplastic epithelial prostate cells | journal = The Prostate | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–40 | date = April 1999 | pmid = 10221264 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19990401)39:1<36::AID-PROS6>3.0.CO;2-6 | ref = 1 }}
43. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Carlsson L, Påhlson C, Bergquist M, Ronquist G, Stridsberg M | title = Antibacterial activity of human prostasomes | journal = The Prostate | volume = 44 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–86 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 10951492 | doi = 10.1002/1097-0045(20000901)44:4<279::AID-PROS4>3.0.CO;2-2 | ref = 2 }}
44. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nilsson BO, Carlsson L, Larsson A, Ronquist G | title = Autoantibodies to prostasomes as new markers for prostate cancer | journal = Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–9 | date = 2001 | pmid = 11817562 | doi = 10.3109/2000-1967-171 | ref = 10 }}
45. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Utleg AG, Yi EC, Xie T, Shannon P, White JT, Goodlett DR, Hood L, Lin B | title = Proteomic analysis of human prostasomes | journal = The Prostate | volume = 56 | issue = 2 | pages = 150–61 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12746840 | doi = 10.1002/pros.10255 | ref = 2 }}
46. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Poliakov A, Spilman M, Dokland T, Amling CL, Mobley JA | title = Structural heterogeneity and protein composition of exosome-like vesicles (prostasomes) in human semen | journal = The Prostate | volume = 69 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–67 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18819103 | doi = 10.1002/pros.20860 | ref = 1 }}
47. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist KG, Ek B, Morrell J, Stavreus-Evers A, Ström Holst B, Humblot P, Ronquist G, Larsson A | title = Prostasomes from four different species are able to produce extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta | volume = 1830 | issue = 10 | pages = 4604–10 | date = October 2013 | pmid = 23707955 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.019 | ref = 2 }}
48. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lwaleed BA, Greenfield RS, Birch BR, Cooper AJ | title = Does human semen contain a functional haemostatic system? A possible role for Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor in fertility through semen liquefaction | journal = Thrombosis and Haemostasis | volume = 93 | issue = 5 | pages = 847–52 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15886798 | doi = 10.1160/TH04-09-0600 | ref = 5 }}
49. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Babiker AA, Ekdahl KN, Nilsson B, Ronquist G | title = Prothrombotic effects of prostasomes isolated from prostatic cancer cell lines and seminal plasma | journal = Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–6 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17253194 | doi = 10.1055/s-2006-958466 | ref = 2 }}
50. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Babiker AA, Hamad OA, Sanchez J, Ronquist G, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN | title = Prothrombotic effect of prostasomes of metastatic cell and seminal origin | journal = The Prostate | volume = 67 | issue = 4 | pages = 378–88 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17219380 | doi = 10.1002/pros.20497 | ref = 3 }}
51. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist KG, Ronquist G, Carlsson L, Larsson A | title = Human prostasomes contain chromosomal DNA | journal = The Prostate | volume = 69 | issue = 7 | pages = 737–43 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19143024 | doi = 10.1002/pros.20921 | ref = 5 }}
52. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist GK, Larsson A, Stavreus-Evers A, Ronquist G | title = Prostasomes are heterogeneous regarding size and appearance but affiliated to one DNA-containing exosome family | journal = The Prostate | volume = 72 | issue = 16 | pages = 1736–45 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 22539202 | doi = 10.1002/pros.22526 | ref = 3 }}
53. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ronquist GK, Larsson A, Ronquist G, Isaksson A, Hreinsson J, Carlsson L, Stavreus-Evers A | title = Prostasomal DNA characterization and transfer into human sperm | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 78 | issue = 7 | pages = 467–76 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21638509 | doi = 10.1002/mrd.21327 | ref = 4 }}
54. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Tavoosidana G, Ronquist G, Darmanis S, Yan J, Carlsson L, Wu D, Conze T, Ek P, Semjonow A, Eltze E, Larsson A, Landegren UD, Kamali-Moghaddam M | title = Multiple recognition assay reveals prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 108 | issue = 21 | pages = 8809–14 | date = May 2011 | pmid = 21555566 | pmc = 3102389 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1019330108 | ref = 1 }}
55. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Dubois L, Ronquist KK, Ek B, Ronquist G, Larsson A | title = Proteomic Profiling of Detergent Resistant Membranes (Lipid Rafts) of Prostasomes | journal = Molecular & Cellular Proteomics | volume = 14 | issue = 11 | pages = 3015–22 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26272980 | pmc = 4638043 | doi = 10.1074/mcp.M114.047530 }}

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