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词条 Prostitution in Argentina
释义

  1. History

  2. AMMAR

  3. LGBT prostitutes

  4. Sex Trafficking

  5. Child Prostitution

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. Further reading

  9. External links

Prostitution in Argentina (exchanging sex for money) is legal under Federal law. Article 19 of the constitution states: "The private actions of people that do not offend in any way the public order and morality, nor damage a third person, are only reserved to God, and are exempt from the authority of the magistrates."[1] Organised prostitution (brothels, prostitution rings and pimping) is illegal.[2][3][4][5][6] In addition, individual provinces may place further restriction on the trade.[7] For example in San Juan, publicly offering sex services for money if punishable by up to 20 days in jail.[7] In 2012, newspapers were banned from carrying classified-ads offering sexual services.[7] UNAIDS estimated there to be about 75,000 prostitutes in the country in 2016.[8]

Sex workers and the 2016 Human Rights Report of the US Department of State, report corruption, abuse and violence towards sex workers by the police.[7][9] AMMAR report that between July 1996 and November 2001, 41 of their members have been murdered. Only 3 of these have been solved.[7]

Traffickers from across Argentina bypass regulations that ban brothels by establishing “mobile brothels” in vans and trucks, making raids more difficult; this practice is particularly prevalent in the northern area of the country.[14]

History

From independence in 1853, Argentina attracted immigrants from Europe which included prostitutes. Prostitution was not a criminal offence, and in 1875 it was legalised and regulated in Buenos Aires.[15] Brothels were established, prostitutes were registered and taxed, and were given regular medical examinations.[15] In 1889, the first year statistics are available for, the number of new registrations of prostitutes in Buenos Aires was 2007,[2] and a hospital, the Dispensario de salubridad, specialising in venereal disease amongst prostitutes was opened at a cost of 100,000 pesos.[2]

Between 1870 and World War I the country developed a reputation as "the port of missing women" as a result of Jewish white slavers and pimps who took advantage of poverty, unemployment and pogroms in Eastern Europe to recruit young Jewish women into prostitution in South America with false promises of marriage.[10] One of the criminal organisations involved, the Zwi Migdal, had 30,000 women in 2,000 brothels.{{sfn|Francoeur|Reiss|Opiyo-Omolo|Perper|2006| }} At the same time, Jewish religious organisations in Argentina worked to prevent prostitution among Jewish women in the country. Most of the prostitutes in Argentina in this period were non-immigrant Catholics, but anti-semitism fuelled concerns about Jewish involvement in prostitution.[11] In 2013, filmmaker Gabriela Böhm released a documentary film In Raquel’s Footsteps investigating Jewish participation in the sex industry in Argentina in the early 20th century.[12]

The system of regulated prostitution in Buenos Aires was abolished in 1934.[10] In 1954, Juan Perón reintroduced the regularity system. Local authorities could license brothels in "suitable places*. The following year Buenos Aires announced a $6,516,000 scheme to build a street of 34 brothels.[13] After the military coup on 16 September 1955, Peron was deposed and his regulation decree rescinded. The new red-light district in Buenos Aires was never built.

AMMAR

The Association of Women Sex Workers in Argentina in Action for Our Rights (AMMAR) is a major organization fighting for sex worker rights.[14][15] It was formed in 1994 by 60 sex workers, and grew to 15,000 members over the next 10 years.[15] In 1995 it joined the Argentine Workers' Central Union (Central de Trabajadores Argentinos), and in 1997 was affiliated into the Network of Sex Workers of Latin America and the Caribbean (RedTraSex).[16]

In January 2014, the head of the Rosario branch, Sandra Cabrera was murdered.[17] Federal policeman Diego Parvlucyk was charged with her murder, although the case never went to trial.[18] As part of the backlash after her murder, Santa Fe's corrupt Public Morality Police were disbanded.[19]

LGBT prostitutes

Gay prostitutes are marginalized in Argentina.[20][21]

Sex Trafficking

{{see also|Human trafficking in Argentina}}

The 2016 Trafficking in Persons Report of the US Department of State ranked Argentina is a Tier 2 country,[22] however as a result of key achievements by the government, it was upgraded to Tier 1 in 2018.[23]

The country is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking. Argentine women and children are subjected to sex trafficking within the country, as are women and children from other Latin American countries, particularly Dominican Republic, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil. To a more limited extent, Argentine women and children are subjected to sex trafficking in other countries, mostly in Europe. Transgender Argentines are exploited in sex trafficking within the country and in Western Europe. Official complicity, mainly at the sub-national levels, continues to hinder the government’s efforts to combat trafficking. In 2016, the Municipality of Ushuaia was ordered to pay restitution to a victim after being found complicit of facilitating trafficking by failing to adequately regulate brothels.[23]

Child Prostitution

According to ECPAT International, in 1999 child prostitution was increasing and the average age of prostituted children was decreasing. Many child prostitutes in Argentina are trafficked to urban centres from rural areas or are trafficked from neighboring countries such as Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and other countries such as Colombia, Dominican Republic, Russia, Venezuela, Romania and Haiti.[24][25][26][27]

See also

  • Sandra Cabrera
  • Zwi Migdal

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=100 Countries and Their Prostitution Policies|url=https://prostitution.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=000772#argentina|website=Procon}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://history.osu.edu/publications/sex-and-danger-buenos-aires-prostitution-family-and-nation-argentina|title=Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina - Department of History|website=History.osu.edu|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/7793183.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Americas - Dark side of Argentine sex city|website=News.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
4. ^{{cite web|author=Reed Lindsay in Buenos Aires |url=https://www.theguardian.com/argentina/story/0,11439,1130610,00.html |title=Argentina's prostitutes get militant | World news | The Observer |publisher=Guardian |date=2004-01-25 |accessdate=2013-08-01}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16546/texact.htm |title=Codigo Penal De La Nacion Argentina |publisher=Infoleg.gov.ar |date= |accessdate=2013-08-01}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/wha/119145.htm |title=2008 Human Rights Reports: Argentina |publisher=State.gov |date=2009-02-25 |accessdate=2011-10-01}}
7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|last1=Dubove|first1=Adam|title=Argentinean Sex Workers Demand the Right to Sell Their Own Bodies|url=https://panampost.com/adam-dubove/2015/12/04/argentinean-sex-workers-demand-the-right-to-exploit-their-own-bodies/|website=PanAm Post|accessdate=15 December 2017|date=4 December 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |accessdate=21 July 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|title=Argentina 2016 Human Rights Report|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265770.pdf|publisher=United States Department of State • Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor|accessdate=16 December 2017}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C|title=Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide|first1=Suzanne G.|last1=Frayser|first2=Thomas J.|last2=Whitby|year=1995|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|page=454|isbn=9781563081316}}
11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GDHpGDVfQE4C|title=National Insecurities: Immigrants and U.S. Deportation Policy since 1882|first=Deirdre M.|last=Moloney|year=2012|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|page=58|isbn=9780807882610}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/one-brave-woman-s-struggle-against-a-jewish-prostitution-ring.premium-1.513051|title=One Brave Woman's Struggle Against a Jewish Prostitution Ring|last=Maltz|first=Judy|date=2 April 2013|newspaper=Haaretz|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171105060637/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/features/one-brave-woman-s-struggle-against-a-jewish-prostitution-ring.premium-1.513051|archive-date=5 November 2017|accessdate=5 November 2017|deadurl=yes|df=}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=ARGENTINA: Brothels, Ltd|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866284,00.html|website=Time Magazine|accessdate=16 December 2017|date=2 May 1955}}
14. ^{{cite web|author=|url=http://msmagazine.com/blog/2013/06/18/turning-the-corner-on-sex-workers-rights-in-argentina/ |title=Turning the Corner on Sex Workers' Rights in Argentina - Ms. Magazine Blog |website=Msmagazine.com |date=2013-06-18 |accessdate=2017-01-09}}
15. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=wpivlSksz0wC&pg=PA56&dq=Prostitution%20in%20Argentina#v=onepage&q=Prostitution%20in%20Argentina&f=false|title=An Agency of Their Own: Sex Worker Union Organizing|first=Gregory|last=Gall|date=1 January 2012|publisher=John Hunt Publishing|accessdate=9 January 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781846942549}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Quienes Somos|url=http://www.ammar.org.ar/-Quienes-somos-.html|publisher=AMMAR|accessdate=15 December 2017|language=es}}
17. ^{{cite web| title= Assassination of Argentine Sex Worker and Activist Sandra Cabrera | url= http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/assassination-argentine-sex-worker-and-activist-sandra-cabrera| dead-url= no | date= 2014-01-27| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160915230047/http://www.nswp.org/timeline/event/assassination-argentine-sex-worker-and-activist-sandra-cabrera| archive-date= 2016-09-15 }}
18. ^{{ cite news| title= El caso Sandra Cabrera. Las redes policiales| url= http://revistaelvecino.blogspot.com/2008/09/el-caso-sandra-cabrera-las-redes.html| dead-url= no| date= 2008-09-04| archive-url= https://archive.is/20170819151342/http://revistaelvecino.blogspot.nl/2008/09/el-caso-sandra-cabrera-las-redes.html | archive-date= 2017-08-19}}
19. ^{{cite press release| title= Noticia del jueves 29 de enero de 2004 | url= http://gobierno.santafe.gov.ar/prensa/mitemplate.php?idnoticia=18447&mostrarmenu=si&include=noticias_prensa/2004/290104r3.htm&ptitulo=Noticia%20del%20jueves%2029%20de%20enero%20de%202004%20(290104r3.htm)&fechanoticia=&volverurl=&pDescDiaMax=Lunes&intvalDiaMax=23&pDescMesMax=junio&A%F1oMax=2004&DiaMax=23&MesMax=06&pdia=29&pmes=01&panio=2004| dead-url= no | date= 2004-01-29| archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/6sfcJYF0T?url=http://gobierno.santafe.gov.ar/prensa/mitemplate.php?idnoticia=18447&mostrarmenu=si&include=noticias_prensa/2004/290104r3.htm&ptitulo=Noticia%20del%20jueves%2029%20de%20enero%20de%202004%20(290104r3.htm)&fechanoticia=&volverurl=&pDescDiaMax=Lunes&intvalDi | archive-date= 2017-08-12 }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/argentina-is-the-best-place-in-the-world-to-be-trans|title=Prostitution Is Argentina's Last Hurdle for the Equality of Trans People |website=Vice.com|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
21. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1020-49892003000400006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|title=Male sex workers in Córdoba, Argentina: sociodemographic characteristics and sex workexperiences|journal=Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública|first1=Rodrigo|last1=Mariño|first2=Victor|last2=Minichiello|first3=Carlos|last3=Disogra|date=1 May 2003|volume=13|issue=5|pages=311–319|accessdate=9 January 2017|via=SciELO|doi=10.1590/S1020-49892003000400006}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|title=2016 Trafficking in Persons Report|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2016/258713.htm|publisher=United States Department of State • Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons|accessdate=16 December 2017}}
23. ^1 {{cite web |title=Argentina 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282601.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=25 July 2018}} {{PD-notice}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://gvnet.com/childprostitution/Argentina.htm |title=Child Prostitution - Argentina |publisher=Gvnet.com |date= |accessdate=2011-10-01}}
25. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.argentinaindependent.com/socialissues/urbanlife/captial-of-sin-the-state-of-prostitution-in-buenos-aires/ |title=Capital of Sin: The State of Prostitution in Buenos Aires - The Argentina Independent | The Argentina Independent |publisher=Argentinaindependent.com |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2012-05-26}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/dominican-women-in-argentina-especially-vulnerable/|title=Dominican Women in Argentina Especially Vulnerable - Inter Press Service|website=Ipsnews.net|accessdate=9 January 2017}}
27. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dpeB__DUprYC&pg=PA30&dq=Prostitution%20in%20Argentina#v=onepage&q=Prostitution%20in%20Argentina&f=false|title=The Politics of Trafficking: The First International Movement to Combat the Sexual Exploitation of Women|first=Stephanie A.|last=Limoncelli|date=23 February 2010|publisher=Stanford University Press|accessdate=9 January 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780804762946}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book|last1=Francoeur|first1=Robert T.|last2=Reiss|first2=Raymond J. Noonan |first3=Beldina |last3=Opiyo-Omolo |first4=Timothy |last4=Perper |last5=Ira |first5=L.|title=The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality|date=2006|publisher=Continuum|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0826414885|edition=Updated, with more countries.|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Donna J.|title=Sex & danger in Buenos Aires prostitution, family, and nation in Argentina|date=1995|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0803270480|edition=New}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Donna J.|title=White slavery and mothers alive and dead : the troubled meeting of sex, gender, public health, and progress in Latin America|date=2000|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln [u.a.]|isbn=978-0803270954}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Whitby|first1=Suzanne G. |last2=Frayser |first2=Thomas J.|title=Studies in human sexuality : a selected guide|date=1995|publisher=Libr. Unlimited|location=Englewood, Colo.|isbn=978-1563081316|edition=2nd}}

External links

  • Association of Women Women of Argentina (Ammar)
{{South America in topic|Prostitution in}}

1 : Prostitution in Argentina
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