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词条 Prostitution in Ghana
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Male prostitution

  3. Law enforcement

  4. Sex tourism

  5. Sex trafficking

  6. See also

  7. References

Prostitution in Ghana is illegal but widespread,[1][2] so much so that many Ghanaians are unaware that it is prohibited.[3] There are growing sex tourism, child prostitution[4] and human trafficking.[5][6] High rates of unemployment and poverty in Ghana are believed to be causing a growth in the sex industry.[7][8] Unemployment is a reason teenage workers engage in sex work.[9][10] A high percentage of sex workers are vulnerable to HIV.[9]

Some prostitutes in Ghana are campaigning for the sex trade to be legalised,[10][11] and discussions have taken place.[2]

Ghana's former Prime Minister, Dr Kofi Abrefa Busia, an Oxford sociologist, wrote a thesis on prostitution “Report on a social survey of Sekondi-Takoradi.“[5]

Overview

Prostitutes in Ghana are known locally as "ashawo",[12] "toutou" (derived from 'two shillings, two pence'; a prostitute who doesn't charge much)[13] or "maame-i-dey".[5]

There are brothels in most Ghana towns, cities and ports. Often these are in makeshift shacks or old warehouses, and some are attached to bars.[14] Prostitutes not working in the brothels are known as either "seaters" or "roamers".[3] The seaters work from home, sitting in the doorway and inviting customers in.[3] When they are with a customer they lower a curtain in front of the door.[13] Seaters generally work in one area of town, creating a small red-light district. Generally they are older women or widows.[3]

Roamers tend to be younger women and work on the streets, bars and hotels.[3] "Pilots", often taxi-drivers, work as intermediaries between the women and clients in hotels. They usually get a fee from both parties.[3] They also help the women get into the hotels as most have a no single women rule.[3] Hotel staff may also take bribes to let the women in.[3]

The women face occasional violence from the customers, or more commonly refusal to pay. Hotel staff may exploit them.[3]

Since oil production started in 2011, prostitution in the port of Takoradi has risen sharply due to the influx of oil workers.[15]

UNAIDS estimate there are 52,000 prostitutes in the country.[16]

Male prostitution

The prevalence of male prostitution in Ghana has slowly risen over the years but not much is said about it because of the form it takes. Male prostitution is predominant in the following areas such as Tesano, Adabraka, Osu, Accra and Paloma in Accra. Male prostitutes go undercover as women because homosexuality is illegal in Ghana as per the constitution.[17][18][19] The activities of these prostitutes are most commonly patronized by men in the elite class who have enough resources to be discreet about their sexual activities.[20] This leads to a relevant increase in the price of engaging homosexual prostitutes given the limited supply of these prostitutes.[21]

Law enforcement

Law enforcement is variable, and there are also occasional crack-downs on prostitutes.[1] Prostitutes are often abused by law enforcement officers.[10][3] In a survey across 26 town and cities, a third of the prostitutes told of problems with the police. These included intimidation, extortion, threats and raids. Many reported that they had had to have sex with the officers to avoid prosecution.[3]

In a 2007 survey of 251 law enforcement agents, 15% admitted they had demanded sex in return for not prosecuting arrested prostitutes.[1]

Police and politicians are sometimes bribed or blackmailed to turn a blind eye.[22]

Sex tourism

Ghana has established itself as a destination for sex tourism from western tourists. This kind of tourism has attracted paedophiles due to the country's lax child protection laws and poor law enforcement.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Child prostitution is increasing is a problem with girls being vulnerable and boys to a lesser extent.[30][31][32][33][34][35]

Sex trafficking

{{see also|Human trafficking in Ghana}}

Vietnamese prostitutes have been found in Ghana[36] in the coastal cities of Tema and Takoradi.[37] Ghanaian investigative journalist Anas Aremeyaw Anas discovered that the Vietnamese women had been trafficked into Ghana for the purposes of prostitution.[38] The Vietnamese prostitutes had been recruited by a Vietnamese woman named Hanh in July 2013.[39] The price paid by their clients in Ghana was {{currency|amount=100|code=USD}} per hour.[40][41] The prostitutes worked from a brothel in the Jang Mi Guest House in Takoradi.[42] The women's ages ranged from 25 to 35.[43]

Women and girls from China, Nigeria, Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso are also trafficked into Ghana for prostitution.[44]

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Ghana as a 'Tier 2' country.[45]

See also

  • Prostitution in Africa

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/af/119004.htm |title=2008 Human Rights Report: Ghana|publisher=State.gov|date=2009-02-25|accessdate=2015-05-20}}
2. ^1 {{cite report|url=http://www.trust.org/contentAsset/raw-data/1035fde5-b945-49ed-8cd4-166bc1ec156b/file |format=PDF |title=Overview of Trafficking and Prostitution Laws in the Middle East and Africa |publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|date=November 2012|accessdate=2017-03-12}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |url= https://www.atria.nl/epublications/1997/Redefining_Prostitution.pdf |title= Redefining Prostitution as Sex Work on the International Agenda |last= Bindman |first= Jo |last2= Doezema |first2= Jo |date= 1997 |website= Atria |publisher= |access-date= 28 November 2017 |quote= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/news/unicef-report-cape-coast-tops-child-prostitution-in-ghana-survey-id4122073.html|title=UNICEF report: Cape Coast tops child prostitution in Ghana – Survey – News – Pulse|first=Emmanuel|last=Tornyi|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2017}}
5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prostitution-in-Ghana-279295|title=Prostitution in Ghana|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2017}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2013/215470.htm|title=Ghana|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2017}}
7. ^{{cite thesis|url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/304446957|title=Gender and Livelihoods: Mapping the Economic Strategies of Porters in Accra, Ghana|first=Muriel A.|last=Yeboah|date=1 January 2008|degree=PhD |publisher=West Virginia University|accessdate=12 March 2017|via=Proquest}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/682212/relationship-between-unemployment-and-prostitution-in-ghana.html|title=Relationship Between Unemployment And Prostitution In Ghana|first=Albert|last=Opare|date=24 March 2016|publisher=modernghana.com|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/31586 |title=IOM Study shows HIV vulnerability among female sex workers in Ghana|publisher=Newstimeafrica.com|date= |accessdate=2015-05-20}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/prostitutes-in-ghana-battle-for-recognition/av-17036797|title=Prostitutes in Ghana battle for recognition|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=21 August 2013|author=Isaac Kaledzi}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanatrade.gov.gh/Latest-News/make-prostitution-legal-prostitutes-urge-govt.html|title=Make Prostitution Legal - Prostitutes Urge Gov't|publisher=ghanatrade.gov.gh|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/682212/relationship-between-unemployment-and-prostitution-in-ghana.html|title=Relationship Between Unemployment And Prostitution In Ghana|website=Modern Ghana|author=Albert Opare|date=24 March 2016}}
13. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-5WyPfynlwMC&pg=PA534&lpg=PA534&dq=prostitution%20in%20ghana#v=onepage&q=prostitution%20in%20ghana&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work|first=Melissa Hope|last=Ditmore|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=23 January 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780313329708}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.zammagazine.com/chronicle/chronicle-7/70-the-girls-behind-the-railway-line|title=The girls behind the railway line - ZAM|first=Selase|last=Kove-Seyram|publisher=|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/ghana-oil-revives-prostitution|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209022602/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/ghana-oil-revives-prostitution|archivedate=2014-02-03|title=Ghana: oil revives prostitution |author=Francis Kokutse |publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide|date=9 February 2012|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |accessdate=21 July 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Male prostitutes practice openly in Accra|url=https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/376/16/male-prostitutes-practice-openly-in-accra.html|website=Modern Ghana|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web|last1=Ennin Abbey|first1=Emelia|title='Man-woman' prostitute arrested by police in Accra|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/man-woman-prostitute-arrested-by-sowutuom-police.html|website=Graphic Online|publisher=Graphic Online|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=PHOTO: Male prostitute dressed as a Female arrested Agbogbloshie|url=http://etvghana.com/2017/09/19/photo-male-prostitute-dressed-as-a-female-arrested-agbogbloshie/|website=e.tv Ghana|publisher=e.tv Ghana|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Gay Prostitutes Invade Accra|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Gay-Prostitutes-Invade-Accra-124290|website=GhanaWeb|publisher=GhanaWeb|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Male prostitutes practice openly in Accra|url=https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/376/16/male-prostitutes-practice-openly-in-accra.html|website=Modern Ghana|publisher=Modern Ghana|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://pulse.com.gh/news/sin-city-how-prostitution-illicit-sex-and-immorality-rule-ashaiman-id4208969.html|title=Sin City? How prostitution, illicit sex and immorality rule Ashaiman – News – Pulse|first=Sena|last=Quashie|publisher=|accessdate=23 January 2017}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=Ghana Trafficking China's Prostitutes|work=West African Democracy Radio|date= |url=http://wadr.org/en/site/news_en/2444/%27Ghana-Trafficking-China%27s-Prostitutes%27--EPAWA.htm |accessdate=2012-04-13}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/children-active-in-commercial-sex-work-in-ghana/ |title=Children active in commercial sex work in Ghana|publisher=Thechronicle.com.gh|date=2012-06-05|accessdate=2015-05-20}}
25. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZJPT3XUM81AC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA104&dq=prostitution%20in%20ghana#v=onepage&q=prostitution%20in%20ghana&f=false|title=Children's Rights in Ghana: Reality or Rhetoric?|first1=Robert Kwame|last1=Ame|first2=DeBrenna LaFa|last2=Agbényiga|first3=Nana Araba|last3=Apt|date=22 February 2011|publisher=Lexington Books|accessdate=23 January 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780739169100}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78737.htm |title=Ghana|publisher=State.gov|date=2007-03-06|accessdate=2015-05-20}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/ghana-%E2%80%9Cparadise-paedophiles%E2%80%9D-says-oneworld|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708201626/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/article/ghana-%E2%80%9Cparadise-paedophiles%E2%80%9D-says-oneworld|archivedate=2012-07-08|title=Ghana is "paradise for paedophiles", says OneWorld |date=8 July 2012|publisher=Radio Netherlands Worldwide |accessdate=12 March 2017}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/ghana-not-a-sex-tourism-destination.html|title=Ghana news: Ghana not a sex tourism destination |date=2 July 2013|first=Arku|last=Jasmine|publisher=Graphic Online|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ecoi.net/local_link/308763/446602_de.html|title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2015 - Country Narratives - Ghana|author=US Department of State|date=27 July 2015|publisher=European Country of Origin Information Network|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.oneworld.nl/wereld/paradijs-voor-pedos |author=Sanne Terlingen |title=Paradijs voor Pedo's |language=nl|publisher=OneWorld.nl |date=2012-06-28 |accessdate=2017-03-12}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.newstimeafrica.com/archives/31586|title=IOM Study shows HIV vulnerability among female sex workers in Ghana |date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Newstime Africa|agency=African Press Organization|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ecpat.org/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Ex_Summary_GHANA_FINAL.pdf |format=PDF |title=Executive summary : Ghana |website=Ecpat.org |accessdate=2017-03-12}}
33. ^{{cite news|last1=Clarke|first1=Prue|title=PM - Poverty in Ghana driving children into prostitution|url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1481873.htm|accessdate=12 March 2017|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=13 October 2005}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/77388/ghana-profile-child-sex-worker|title=Profile of a child sex worker|date=20 March 2008|publisher=IRIN|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
35. ^{{cite news|last1=Blay|first1=Pius Amihere|title=Cape Coast tops child prostitution in Ghana- UNICEF Report|url=http://citifmonline.com/2015/08/31/cape-coast-tops-child-prostitution-in-ghana-unicef-report/|publisher=Ghana News|date=31 August 2015}}
36. ^{{cite news |last=Adams |first=Issaka |date=March 12, 2014 |title=Vietnamese Prostitutes in Ghana Rescue: Ghana’s Finest Undercover Journalist Exposes Sex Slavery Trade / Africa News |url=http://www.nationalturk.com/en/vietnamese-prostitutes-in-ghana-rescue-sex-slavery-trade-africa-news-48323/ |newspaper=National Turk |location= |access-date= }}
37. ^{{cite news |last=Trung |first=Pham |date=28 March 2014 |title= Closer look at rescue of Vietnamese women from Ghana brothel |url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/18618/closer-look-at-vietnamese-women-saved-from-ghana-brothel |newspaper=Tuoitrenews |location= |access-date= }}
38. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 21 March 2014 |title= Six Vietnamese women rescued from Ghana brothel |url=http://tuoitrenews.vn/society/18505/six-vietnamese-women-rescued-from-ghana-brothel |newspaper=Tuoitrenews |location= |access-date= }}
39. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=21 Mar 2014 |title=Chinese prostitutes invade Ghana |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/chinese-prostitutes-invade-ghana/ |newspaper=News Ghana |location= |access-date= }}
40. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=20 March 2014 |title=Vietnamese women forced into sex work in Ghana rescued |url=http://www.thanhniennews.com/society/vietnamese-women-forced-into-sex-work-in-ghana-rescued-24759.html |newspaper=Thanh Nien News |location= |access-date= }}
41. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 7 March 2014 |title=Vietnamese girls rescued from sex trade in Takoradi |url=http://citifmonline.com/2014/03/07/vietnamese-girls-rescued-from-sex-trade-in-takoradi/ |newspaper=citifmonline |location= |access-date= }}
42. ^{{cite news |last=Anas |first=Anas Aremeyaw |date=12 March 2014 |title= Anas' undercover story: Trafficked and abused – how girls were sold from one trafficker to the other |url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2014/March-12th/anas-undercover-story-trafficked-and-abused-how-girls-were-sold-from-one-trafficker-to-the-other.php |newspaper=New Crusading Guide |location=Takoradi |access-date= }}
43. ^{{cite news |last=Ruha |first=Genevieve |date=8 March 2014 |title=Two Chinese Men Arrested In Takoradi For Trafficking Vietnamese Women There For Prostitution |url=http://www.ghanagrio.com/news/49112-two-chinese-men-arrested-in-takoradi-for-trafficking-vietnamese-women-there-for-prostitution.html |newspaper=GhanaNation |location= |access-date= }}
44. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2010/142760.htm |title= Trafficking in Persons Report 2010 |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= US Departement of State |access-date= 28 November 2017 |quote= }}
45. ^{{cite web |title=Ghana 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282661.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=26 July 2018}}
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