“Prostitution in Indonesia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Prostitution in Indonesia is legally considered a "crime against decency/morality", although it is widely practiced, tolerated and even regulated in some areas.^[1] Some women are financially motivated to become prostitutes, while others may be forced by friends, relatives or strangers. Traditionally, they have met with customers in entertainment venues or special prostitution complexes, or lokalisasi. However, recently internet forums and Facebook have been used to facilitate prostitute-client relations. In recent years, child sex tourism has become an issue at the resort islands of Batam and Bali.

Causes

In Indonesia, one of the main reasons for a prostitute to enter the business is the attractiveness of earning money quickly. The Jakarta Post reported that high-end prostitutes in Jakarta could earn Rp 15 million - Rp 30 million (USD 1,755 to 3,510) monthly, able to charge more than Rp 3 million (USD 350) per session for their services. Those entering prostitution for money come from both middle-class and poor families.{{sfn|Tampubolon 2010-11-23, Quick money}}

Another major cause is forced prostitution. Young women are offered employment opportunities in major cities, then raped and forced to prostitute themselves while paying money to their pimps.{{sfn|Gunawan 2006-05-23, Teen escapes}} They may also be sold by their parents. The International Labour Organization (ILO) reports that roughly 70 percent of Indonesian child prostitutes are brought into the trade by their family or friends.{{sfn|The Jakarta Post 2005-07-25, Child prostitutes}}

Forms

Prostitution exists in many forms and is practiced by many different sexes, genders, orientations and ages. Bali, for example, is known for its "Kuta Cowboys", male sex workers who solicit foreign tourists.^[5]

Prostitution encompasses various sexual orientations. The most common is heterosexual female prostitution, though transvestite and male homosexual prostitution also exist to a lesser extent. Child prostitution also exists in certain tourism resort islands, such as Batam and Bali. It is estimated that 40,000 to 70,000 Indonesian children engage in prostitution within the country.^[6]

Prostitutes sometimes work in brothels, some with over 200 prostitutes. The last large red-light district containing many brothels was Gang Dolly in Surabaya, one of the largest in Southeast Asia,^[7] which closed in 2014.^[8] Prostitutes can be found in discotheques, massage parlours, and karaoke rooms,{{sfn|Maryono 2009-07-24, Prostitution fuels}} and also visible on certain streets. They can also be booked via telephone.{{sfn|De Suriyani 2010-03-01, Bali faces}}

Online prostitution is also common. In internet forums, prostitutes and pornography are offered to registered members of good standing, as measured by their activity on the forum. A senior member of the forum posts a "free report" offering a description of the member's experience with a prostitute; contact information is provided upon request by private message. Prostitution rings on Facebook have also been reported.{{sfn|Tampubolon 2011-01-25, Prostitutes and porn}}

Legal status

Prostitution is not specifically addressed in the law. However, many officials interpreted "crimes against decency/morality" to apply to prostitution. Prostitution is widespread and largely tolerated, despite its contradiction with popular societal and religious norms{{sfn|USDS: Indonesia}} Prostitution is most visibly manifested in Indonesia’s brothel complexes, or lokalisasi, which are found throughout the country.{{sfn|Intersections}} These brothels are managed under local government regulations.{{sfn|Catw-Ap 2010-11-22, Facts and Statistics}} During or after raids by the police, the prostitutes are able to pay and be released from custody; this has led to police raids being called "nothing more than an income source for public order officers".{{sfn|Winarti 2008-12-26, Raids on prostitution}}

The Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) estimates that 30 percent of the prostitutes in Indonesia are below 18 years of age.^[9] The ILO puts the total number of child prostitutes in Jakarta at 5,000; according to the Jakarta city government, this is concentrated in Prumpung (North Jakarta), Grogol (West Jakarta) Tanah Abang (Central Jakarta), Block M (South Jakarta), as well as Jatinegara and Ciracas (both East Jakarta).{{sfn|The Jakarta Post 2005-07-25, Child prostitutes}} Child sex tourism occurs, especially on the resort islands of Bali and Batam.{{sfn|CRIN, Violence study}}{{sfn|Indonesiamatters.com, Bali Sex Tourism}}

History

One of the earliest reports of prostitution in ancient Indonesia is from a Chinese source. The Tang dynasty Ch'iu-T'ang shu and Hsin T'ang shu historical records, which originated circa 640 CE, reported that in the country of Ho-ling in Java, there were a number of "poisonous women". Those who had sex with these harlots would suffer festering wounds and die afterwards. This was the earliest record of prostitution and its connection with sexually-transmitted disease in ancient Java.^[10]{{rp|119}}

Little is known about precolonial Indonesia's prostitution, although the purchase of sex slaves and "quasi-contractual" sexual relations are thought to have occurred. Following the spread of Islam in Indonesia, prostitution is thought to have increased due to Islam's disapproval of contractual weddings.{{sfn|Cribb|Kahin|2004|p=357}} Javanese kings kept large stables of concubines, while Balinese widows without familial support could be forced into prostitution by their king.{{sfn|Jones|Sulistyaningsih|Hull|1998|pp=29-30}}

During the early Dutch colonial period, European men wishing to find sexual gratification began hiring native prostitutes or concubines; this was accepted by financially motivated local women as well as some families, who volunteered their daughters. Because interracial marriage was discouraged or outright forbidden, this arrangement was accepted by Dutch leaders.{{sfn|Jones|Sulistyaningsih|Hull|1998|pp=29-30}}

Widespread prostitution began in the early 1800s, when the number of concubines kept by the Royal Netherlands East Indies soldiers and government officials declined; native men leaving their wives to look for work in other areas also contributed to its rise.{{sfn|Cribb|Kahin|2004|p=357}} In 1852 the colonial government began requiring regular health checks of prostitutes to check for syphilis and other venereal diseases; prostitutes also had to carry identification cards. These did not curb the growth of prostitution, which increased dramatically during a period of extensive construction in the late 1800s.{{sfn|Jones|Sulistyaningsih|Hull|1998|pp=30-32}}

The 1852 law was later replaced by another, more stringent, public morality law in 1913, which criminalized "purposely bring[ing] about the fornication of others with a third party and make this his profession", or pimping; no mention was made of prostitutes. Enforcement of these laws proved more nearly impossible, and for a period of time investigation of brothels required a permit from the governor.{{sfn|Jones|Sulistyaningsih|Hull|1998|p=32}}

During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia, existing prostitutes were selected to serve the Japanese army in special brothels. Other women and girls, both native and Dutch, were forced to become "comfort women". After World War II, the migration of women from remote villages to cities, coupled with a high divorce rate, caused another increase in prostitution.{{sfn|Jones|Sulistyaningsih|Hull|1998|pp=32-34}}

Response

Government response to prostitution in Indonesia has been varied. A common response is to attempt banning it and closing brothels.{{sfn|The Jakarta Post 2006-06-28, Depok working}} Another proposed response is the taxing of prostitutes' fees; such proposals have met controversy, with the revenues being considered haraam.{{sfn|Fadli 2010-02-17, Legislator proposes}}

Effects

Prostitution has been blamed for the increasing HIV/AIDS rates in various parts of Indonesia, including Central Java{{sfn|Maryono 2009-07-24, Prostitution fuels}} and Bali. A lack of health control in brothels{{sfn|Maryono 2009-07-24, Prostitution fuels}} and a lack of condom use have been blamed;{{sfn|De Suriyani 2010-03-01, Bali faces}} in 2010 the Bali AIDS commission reported that only 40% of clients used protection.{{sfn|De Suriyani 2010-03-01, Bali faces}}

Prostitutes themselves may fall victim to psycho-social problems, such as multiple personality disorder. When servicing customers or dealing with their pimps, they may be physically and mentally abused. They are also at risk of catching HIV/AIDS.{{sfn|The Jakarta Post 2005-07-25, Child prostitutes}}

Sex trafficking

Indonesia is a major source, and to a much lesser extent, destination and transit country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking. Each of its 34 provinces is a source and destination of trafficking. Indonesian women and girls are subjected to sex trafficking, primarily in Malaysia, Taiwan, and the Middle East. Many women and girls are exploited in sex trafficking. Victims are often recruited with offers of jobs in restaurants, factories, or domestic service, but are subjected to sex trafficking. Debt bondage is particularly prevalent among sex trafficking victims. Women and girls are subjected to sex trafficking near mining operations in Maluku, Papua, and Jami provinces. Child sex tourism is prevalent in the Riau Islands bordering Singapore, and Bali is a destination for Indonesians traveling to engage in child sex tourism.^[12]

The United States Department of State Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons ranks Indonesia as a 'Tier 2' country.^[12]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web |url= http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexworklaw/countries |title= Sex Work Law |last= |first= |date= |website= Sexuality, Poverty and Law Programme |publisher= |access-date= 26 November 2017 |quote= }}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Women who travel for sex: Sun, sea and gigolos|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/women-who-travel-for-sex-sun-sea-and-gigolos-407202.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223010101/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home%2Dnews/women%2Dwho%2Dtravel%2Dfor%2Dsex%2Dsun%2Dsea%2Dand%2Dgigolos%2D407202.html|website=The Independent|accessdate=22 December 2017|archivedate=23 December 2008|dead-url=yes|date=9 July 2006}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2440&Itemid=202|title=Bali Beach Gigolos Under Fire|website=Asia Sentinel|date=4 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919121218/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2440&Itemid=202|archive-date=19 September 2010}}
4. ^{{cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |website=www.aidsinfoonline.org |publisher=UNAIDS |accessdate=21 July 2018}}
5. ^{{cite news |title='Kuta Cowboys' strutting their stuff for lovelorn visitors |date=May 5, 2002 |author=Claire Harvey |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/05/05/039kuta-cowboys039-strutting-their-stuff-lovelorn-visitors.html |accessdate=16 October 2014 }}
6. ^{{cite web |title=Indonesia |publisher=humantrafficking.org |url=http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/indonesia |accessdate=16 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916135602/http://humantrafficking.org/countries/indonesia |archivedate=16 September 2013 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite news |title=Battle over Indonesian red-light district |author=Sri Lestari |date=18 June 2014 |newspaper= |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-27903426 |accessdate=17 October 2014}}
8. ^{{cite newspaper|url=http://jakartaglobe.id/news/dolly-done-se-asias-largest-red-light-district-closes/|title=Gang Dolly Is Done as SE Asia’s Largest Red Light District Closes|newspaper=Jakarta Globe|date=18 June 2014|access-date=21 February 2018}}
9. ^{{cite web|last1=Rakhmat|first1=Muhammad Zulfikar|last2=Tarahita|first2=Dikanaya|title=Indonesia's Child Trafficking Crisis - Asia Sentinel|url=https://www.asiasentinel.com/society/indonesia-child-trafficking-crisis/|website=Asia Sentinel|accessdate=14 April 2018|date=7 May 2017}}
10. ^{{cite book |author1=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro |author2=Nugroho Notosusanto | title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia: Zaman Kuno | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/sejarah-nasional-indonesia/oclc/318053182 | date=2008 | publisher=Balai Pustaka | isbn=978-9794074084 | language=Indonesian | accessdate=13 July 2018}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.perwara.com/2017/serat-centhini-dan-sejarah-pelacuran-di-yogyakarta/|title=Serat Centhini dan Sejarah Pelacuran di Yogyakarta – Warta Kebangsaan|website=www.perwara.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-07-12}}
12. ^¹{{cite web |title=Indonesia 2018 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2018/282673.htm |website=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=28 July 2018}}{{PD-notice}}