| 词条 | Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 |
| 释义 |
|short_title =Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 |parliament =United Kingdom |long_title =An Act to provide for the destruction, retention, use and other regulation of certain evidential material; to impose consent and other requirements in relation to certain processing of biometric information relating to children; to provide for a code of practice about surveillance camera systems and for the appointment and role of the Surveillance Camera Commissioner; to provide for judicial approval in relation to certain authorisations and notices under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000; to provide for the repeal or rewriting of powers of entry and associated powers and for codes of practice and other safeguards in relation to such powers; to make provision about vehicles left on land; to amend the maximum detention period for terrorist suspects; to replace certain stop and search powers and to provide for a related code of practice; to make provision about the safeguarding of vulnerable groups and about criminal records including provision for the establishment of the Disclosure and Barring Service and the dissolution of the Independent Safeguarding Authority; to disregard convictions and cautions for certain abolished offences; to make provision about the release and publication of datasets held by public authorities and to make other provision about freedom of information and the Information Commissioner; to make provision about the trafficking of people for exploitation and about stalking; to repeal certain enactments; and for connected purposes. |year =2012 |statute_book_chapter =c. 9 |introduced_by =Theresa May |territorial_extent = |royal_assent =1 May 2012 |commencement = |repeal_date = |amendments = |related_legislation = |repealing_legislation= |status =In Force (1 October 2012) |original_text =http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2012/9/contents/enacted |legislation_history = |use_new_UK-LEG = |revised_text = }} The Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[1] As the Protection of Freedoms Bill, it was introduced in February 2011, by the Home Secretary, Theresa May. The Bill was sponsored by the Home Office.[2] On Tuesday, 1 May 2012 the Protection of Freedoms bill completed its passage through Parliament and received Royal Assent. History{{anchor|Great Repeal Bill}} The concept developed from the Great Repeal Bill proposed in 2008 by Conservative Party representatives Douglas Carswell MP and Dan Hannan MEP as part of a radical "Twelve months to renew Britain".[3][4] After the 2010 general election, the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government whose agreed programme initially promised a Freedom (Great Repeal) Bill or "a Freedom or Great Repeal Bill",[5][5] "Freedom" being the Liberal Democrats' preferred title, "Great Repeal" the Conservatives'.[6] The ensuing Queen's Speech referred to "A Freedom or Great Repeal Bill" which:[7]{{quote|would address concerns around what has been described as a tidal wave of criminal justice legislation in recent years. It also provides an opportunity to strengthen the accountability of bodies receiving public funding in light of lessons learnt so far from the operation of the Freedom of Information Act.}}The programme was later changed to refer to a Freedom Bill.[8] After the Protection of Freedoms Bill was introduced in 2011, critics claimed it was piecemeal, incoherent, and too focused on protection from public-sector intrusion without sufficient focus on private-sector intrusion.[9] Nick Clegg said, "There may even be a great repeal act down the road that would look at some of the laws not addressed in this bill."[10] In 2011, Jonathan Djanogly said in answer to a parliamentary question that a Repeals Bill would be a separate civil liberties measure from "the abolition of ID cards; the Protection of Freedoms Bill; and the Your Freedom public engagement exercise which took place over the summer".[11] Part 1: Regulation of biometric dataChapter 1 makes provision in respect of the destruction, retention, and use of fingerprints, footwear impressions and DNA samples. In addition it covers profiles taken in the course of a criminal investigation. Under the new scheme provided for in this Chapter, the fingerprints and DNA profiles taken from persons arrested for or charged with a minor offence will be destroyed following either acquittal or a decision not to charge. This Part amends or omits Sections from the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and Crime and Security Act 2010 relating to the retention of fingerprints.
Part 2: Regulation of surveillance{{See also|Automatic number plate recognition in the United Kingdom}}Chapter 1 creates new regulation for, and instructs the Secretary of State to prepare a code of practice towards closed-circuit television and automatic number plate recognition. Chapter 2 amends the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000. Part 3: Protection of property from disproportionate enforcement actionChapter 1 reforms and repeals aspects of the powers to enter land and to review existing powers of entry legislation. It would implement restrictions as to the premises over which the power may be exercised, who can exercise them, and which conditions can be satisfied for them to be exercised. Chapter 2 makes it a criminal offence for a private person on private or public land to immobilise a vehicle (e.g. by clamping or obstructing), or to move a vehicle, with a view to denying the owner access to it. Section 99 of the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 is amended to extend and amend the powers of public authorities to move vehicles parked obstructively, illegally, or dangerously, including on private land. However, clamping is still permitted where an Act of Parliament or byelaw permits the practice, such as the Railway Byelaws.[12] Clamping of vehicles and provisions relating to charging registered keepers of vehicles where a contract has been entered into with landowners or their agents is dealt with by Clauses 54-56 and Schedule 4 of the Act. These would have the effect of making it possible for private landowners and their agents to attempt to recover unpaid parking charges on private land (providing certain conditions are met) from the registered keeper of a vehicle in cases where it is not known who was driving at the time of the parking charge notice being issued. Paragraph 3 defines "relevant land" as excluding highways maintainable at the public expense (within the meaning of section 329(1) of the Highways Act 1980). Under the original wording of the Bill as introduced, clamping would be unlawful on private car-parks unless entrances are barriered.[13][14] However, Clause 54 was amended at Report stage in the House of Commons such that clamping would be unlawful regardless of the existence of a barrier.[15] Part 4: Counter-terrorism powersClause 57 reduces the pre-detention of terrorist suspects to a maximum of 14 days. This Part removes the 'stop and search' regulations of the Terrorism Act 2000 and reforms the operation of the power to search people and vehicles, in addition to creating new Code of Practice rules in respect of these powers. Part 5: Safeguarding vulnerable groups, criminal records etc.{{outdated section|reason= Seems to have been written before Royal Assent, refers to the Bill rather than the Act.|date=September 2015}}
Part 6: Freedom of information and data protection
Part 7: Miscellaneous and general
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/media-centre/news/protection-of-freedoms|title=Sweeping reforms to restore British liberties - GOV.UK|website=www.homeoffice.gov.uk}} 2. ^Protection of Freedoms Bill Home Office 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://fff.org/explore-freedom/article/great-repeal-bill/|title=The Great Repeal Bill|last=McElroy|first=Wendy|date=11 August 2010|work=Future of Freedom Foundation|quote=The current evolving bill undoubtedly has roots in similar legislation that was proposed in a book entitled The Plan: 12 Months to Renew Britain written by Douglas Carswell and Daniel Hannan, which argued for openness in politics, business-friendly policies, deregulation, and more direct democracy|accessdate=21 May 2015}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Carswell|first1=Douglas|last2=Hannan|first2=Daniel|title=The Plan: Twelve Months to Renew Britain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LJ5aYhMYRCsC&pg=PA116|accessdate=21 May 2015|date=August 2008|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9780955979903|pages=116–125|chapter=8: The Great Repeal Bill}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.conservatives.com/~/media/Files/Downloadable%20Files/agreement.ashx?dl=true#page=6|title=Liberal Democrat coalition negotiations; Agreements reached|date=11 May 2010|publisher=Conservative Party|page=6|quote=This will include: - A Freedom or Great Repeal Bill.|accessdate=21 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516214414/http://www.conservatives.com/~/media/Files/Downloadable%20Files/agreement.ashx?dl=true|archivedate=16 May 2010}} 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://metro.co.uk/2010/05/25/major-bill-to-slash-power-of-state-331071/|title=Major Bill to slash power of state|date=25 May 2010|work=Metro|quote=Its name reflects the make-up of the new Government, including the Liberal Democrats preferred “Freedom Bill” and the Tory’s “Great Repeal” message.|accessdate=21 May 2015}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/queens-speech-freedom-great-repeal-bill|title=Freedom (Great Repeal) Bill|date=25 May 2010|work=Queen's Speech|publisher=Government of the United Kingdom|accessdate=21 May 2015}} 8. ^{{cite web|archivedate=19 September 2010 |url=http://programmeforgovernment.hmg.gov.uk/civil-liberties/index.html|title=Civil Liberties|work=The Coalition: our Programme for Government|quote=We will introduce a Freedom Bill|accessdate=21 May 2015|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100919110641/http://programmeforgovernment.hmg.gov.uk/civil-liberties/index.html}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newlawjournal.co.uk/nlj/content/rollback-state-surveillance|title=Rollback of state surveillance |last=Cran|first=Donald|date=25 March 2011|work=New Law Journal|accessdate=21 May 2015}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/feb/13/nick-clegg-protection-freedoms-bill|title=Why we should believe Nick Clegg when he promises to restore liberties stolen by Labour|last=Porter|first=Henry|date=13 February 2011|work=The Observer|accessdate=21 May 2015}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm110405/text/110405w0003.htm|title=Law: Repealed|date=5 Apr 2011|work=House of Commons Hansard|publisher=UK Parliament|pages=c.795W Q.51332|accessdate=21 May 2015 }} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/railway-byelaws/railway-byelaws.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816202559/http://assets.dft.gov.uk/publications/railway-byelaws/railway-byelaws.pdf |archivedate=16 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }} 13. ^Vehicle immobilisation (clamping) ... The Protection of Freedoms Bill No. 4 Law and Lawyers 14. ^Goodbye Clamping Of Interest to Lawyers 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm111010/debtext/111010-0004.htm|title=House of Commons Hansard Debates for 10 Oct 2011 (pt 0004)|first=Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons,|last=Westminster|website=www.publications.parliament.uk}} 16. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12439232 |title=Night-time weddings to be allowed |newspaper=BBC News Online |date=12 February 2011}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiversity}}
4 : United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 2012|Civil rights and liberties in the United Kingdom|Civil rights and liberties legislation|Data laws |
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