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词条 ProtectMarriage.com
释义

  1. History

  2. Organization

  3. Relations with other organizations

  4. Proposition 8

     Strauss v. Horton  Perry v. Schwarzenegger 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Infobox non-profit
| name = ProtectMarriage.com
| image =
| caption =
| founder =
| type =
| tax_id = 26-4753183 (EIN)
| registration_id = C3196520
| founded_date = {{Start date|2002}}
| location = Sacramento, California
| coordinates =
| origins =
| key_people = Ron Prentice, Executive Director
| area_served =
| products =
| services =
| focus = Political advocacy
| mission =
| method =
| revenue = $416,921 (2009)[1]
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| motto =
| former name = California Renewal
| homepage = {{URL|protectmarriage.com}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}ProtectMarriage.com is a collection of conservative and religious American political activist groups aligned in opposition to same-sex marriage.[2][3] The coalition's stated goal is to "defend and restore the definition of marriage as between a man and a woman."[4] Beginning in 2001 as Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund holding the domain name protectmarriage.com, the organization reformed in 2005 as a coalition to sponsor California Proposition 8, called the California Marriage Protection Act,[5] and was successful in placing it on the ballot in 2008. Proposition 8 amended the California Constitution, putting a halt to same-sex marriages in California for nearly two years until the proposition was overturned as unconstitutional. While it was in effect, ProtectMarriage.com defended the amendment in a series of legal challenges. Ron Prentice is the executive director.[2]

History

In 2001, an organization was formed to defend the previous year's California Proposition 22 against legal challenges, to maintain Prop 22's definition of marriage in California as being between a man and a woman. The group, Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund, formed as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, and established a website at protectmarriage.com in September 2002.[6][7] With California State Senator William J. "Pete" Knight serving as chairman of the board, the group reported "just over $266,000 of revenue" in its first year.[7] Andrew Pugno held the role of chief counsel—he had been associated with Knight's marriage definition legislation since 1995. Pugno helped Knight form the nonprofit.[8]

Knight died in May 2004. In March 2005, a San Francisco Superior Court judge ruled Prop 22 unconstitutional, and in April, AB 205 was passed by the California legislature; a law which extended many marriage benefits to domestic partners of any sex. These challenges to the one-man-one-woman definition of marriage spurred a change in strategy: rather than defend Prop 22, the advocates associated with the Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund would re-organize under a new name to pass new legislation. Ron Prentice, executive director of the California Family Council, teamed with former Prop 22 defenders, including Pugno, to establish a coalition of like-minded groups such as Alliance Defense Fund.[8] The name ProtectMarriage.com was first presented online mid-2005.[9]

Organization

Ron Prentice, the executive director of ProtectMarriage.com, is a licensed marriage and family therapist. In addition to his duties at the organization, he served as Chief Executive Officer of the California Family Council until December 2013.[10][11]

Andrew Pugno is lead counsel at ProtectMarriage.com. He coauthored Proposition 8, and continues its legal defense.[12] Pugno began his efforts against same-sex marriage in 1995 with then-assemblyman Pete Knight. He served as chief counsel in the defense of Proposition 22.[16]

In July 2008, ProtectMarriage.com hired Jennifer Kerns as communications director. Kerns, a public relations consultant, was previously the communications director for Steve Poizner's successful 2006 bid for the position of California Insurance Commissioner. She also served as assistant to California Secretary of State Bruce McPherson, analyzing election practices and results.[13]

ProtectMarriage.com comprises three programs: Proposition 8 Legal Defense Fund, the ProtectMarriage.com Educational Foundation and ProtectMarriage.com Action Fund.[14]

Relations with other organizations

Members of the coalition include: the Family Research Council, Focus on the Family, and the California Family Alliance.[15]

Catholics for ProtectMarriage.com was formed to support the Proposition 8 campaign. The organization was a collaboration between the Knights of Columbus, the California Catholic Conference and Catholics for the Common Good.[16]

L. Whitney Clayton is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) liaison with the coalition.[17]

Proposition 8

{{main|California Proposition 8 (2008)}}

In April, 2008, ProtectMarriage.com submitted a petition containing 1,120,801 signatures—426,447 more than was necessary to put the measure on the ballot.[2] It appeared on the ballot as the Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry Initiative Constitutional Amendment but was called the California Marriage Protection Act by proponents. The proponents of the measure spent approximately $40 million to promote the proposition, which passed, defining marriage in California as being between one man and one woman.[18] According to Prentice, the Yes on Proposition 8 campaign was "the single largest, most powerful grassroots movement in the history of American ballot initiative campaigns."[19]

{{clear}}

Strauss v. Horton

{{main|Strauss v. Horton}}

Opponents of Prop 8 filed a legal challenge in the California Supreme Court. The Proposition 8 legal defense team featured Ken Starr. The court upheld the constitutionality of the amendment.[20][21][22]

Perry v. Schwarzenegger

{{main|Perry v. Schwarzenegger}}

ProtectMarriage.com took on the role of main defense in Perry v. Schwarzenegger, the case challenging Proposition 8 in federal court.[23] Under the leadership of California State Senator Dennis Hollingsworth, ProtectMarriage.com hired attorney Charles Cooper of Cooper & Kirk to form the defense.[24] Pugno said he considered a number of legal firms but settled upon Cooper & Kirk because he believed them on par with Theodore Olson, former United States Solicitor General, the attorney for the plaintiffs.[30] In October 2009, Cooper "deflected" an effort by Liberty Counsel to use the court case to prove that homosexuality was an "illness or disorder".[25] Cooper explained to reporters his view that Liberty Counsel wanted to fight battles that "can't be won."[25] Pugno said that ProtectMarriage.com has tried to distance itself from "strident and combative" fringe groups in order to set a "civilized tone" for the defense, in the same manner as the proposition campaign.[25]

The court case would have been the first federal trial to be captured live by video cameras, shown in real time at public courthouses in San Francisco, Pasadena, Seattle, Portland, and Brooklyn, through an experimental new system developed by the Ninth Circuit Appeals Court.[26][27] The trial would also have been shown on the video-sharing website YouTube.[26] Federal judge Vaughn R. Walker noted that he had received 138,574 comments on the plans to broadcast the trial, and all but 32 were in favor.[28] In January 2010, two days before the trial, ProtectMarriage.com filed emergency papers with the United States Supreme Court to bar telecasting the trial. The court ruled 8–1 to temporarily stay live streaming, then ruled 5–4 to indefinitely block live streaming.[29] Plaintiff Rick Jacobs of Courage Campaign said that "Prop 8 backers are continuing their pattern of keeping the truth about this trial from the American public."[23]

From January 11 to January 28, Courage Campaign mounted a website called Prop 8 Trial Tracker which received more than 464,000 views.[23] The website used a logo very similar to their opponent's logo, and the ProtectMarriage.com legal team sent a cease and desist letter, demanding that Courage Campaign stop using the similar logo. Nathan Sabri, an attorney with Morrison & Foerster, the law firm handling the case pro bono for Courage Campaign, responded by writing that the request had no merit, and that his client had noted the irony of the ProtectMarriage.com position—that the image of two children flanked by a man and a woman was said by ProtectMarriage.com to be "substantially indistinguishable" from the two children flanked by two women.[23] On January 19, ProtectMarriage.com filed a lawsuit asking for a temporary restraining order to stop the use of the similar logo.[30][31] Federal judge Lawrence K. Karlton ruled in favor of Courage Campaign's argument which cited prior cases of one logo being parodied by another.[23]

United States district court Judge Vaughn R. Walker overturned Proposition 8 on August 4, 2010, in the case Perry v. Schwarzenegger, ruling that it violated both the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the United States Constitution.[32] ProtectMarriage.com appealed the ruling. In June 2011, Walker's ruling was upheld by James S. Ware, chief judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.[3] In 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed that the proposition violated the constitutional rights of gays and lesbians.[33] When the matter was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, the court found that ProtectMarriage.com had not had legal standing for a federal appeal case, and ordered the Appeals court ruling voided, leaving Walker's ruling standing. California resumed issuing same-sex marriage certificates the following day, leading ProtectMarriage.com to file an emergency application with the Supreme Court, asking that the marriages be halted because the state had not waited the usual 25 days during which the Supreme Court can be asked to reconsider a case before its disposition is considered final.[34] That request was quickly denied by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, who had dissented from the decision that had denied ProtectMarriage.com standing.[35]

See also

{{portal|Conservatism}}
  • National Organization for Marriage

References

1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.guidestar.org/organizations/26-4753183/protectmarriagecom-educational-foundation.aspx | title=Nonprofit Report for Protectmarriagecom Educational Foundation | publisher=GuideStar | accessdate=October 17, 2012}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/06/03/national/main4147991.shtml |title=Gay Marriage Ban Makes California Ballot: Initiative Follows Court's Recent Ruling Legalizing Same-Sex Marriages |publisher=CBS News |date=June 3, 2008 |agency=Associated Press |location=San Francisco |accessdate=March 3, 2011}}
3. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/28/gaymarriage-california-idUSN1E75Q1ZH20110628 |title=Update: Gay marriage foes appeal ruling on gay U.S. judge |work=Reuters |date=June 27, 2011 |accessdate=October 21, 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://protectmarriage.com/about |title=About Us |publisher=ProtectMarriage.com |accessdate=March 3, 2011}}
5. ^Re: Request for Title and Summary of Proposed Initiative, Office of the California Attorney General, October 1, 2007
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://protectmarriage.com/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20020923092303/http://protectmarriage.com/ |archivedate=2002-09-23 |title=Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund|publisher=Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
7. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://protectmarriage.com/annualreport.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040102211305/http://protectmarriage.com/annualreport.pdf |archivedate=2004-01-02 |title=Annual Report to Supporters: 2001–2002 |publisher=Proposition 22 Legal Defense and Education Fund |accessdate=February 28, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.christianexaminer.com/Articles/Articles%20May05/Art_May05_16.html |title=New coalition pushes for constitutional amendment to protect marriage |publisher=Christian Examiner | date=May 2005 |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.protectmarriage.com/home/default.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911175420/http://www.protectmarriage.com/home/default.aspx |archivedate=2005-09-11 |title=Welcome to ProtectMarriage.com |publisher=ProtectMarriage.com |accessdate=February 28, 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
10. ^Common Sense Without Compromise | California Family Council {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229193251/http://www.californiafamilycouncil.org/CommonSenseWithoutCompromise |date=December 29, 2010 }}
11. ^About CFC | California Family Council {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229013642/http://www.californiafamilycouncil.org/about-us |date=December 29, 2010 }}
12. ^{{cite web|author=Thursday Oct 28 2010 |url=http://folsomtelegraph.com/detail/163486.html |title=Pugno, Pan battle for 5th Assembly District – Folsom Telegraph |publisher=Folsomtelegraph.com |date=2010-10-28 |accessdate=2013-12-05}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.protectmarriage.com/home/default.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711213704/http://www.protectmarriage.com/ |archivedate=2008-07-11 |title=Welcome to ProtectMarriage.com |publisher=ProtectMarriage.com |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
14. ^Protect Marriage – Yes on 8 » Our Programs {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123651/http://protectmarriage.com/about/our-programs |date=July 15, 2011 }}
15. ^{{cite news|title=Coalition seeks male-female marriage definition / New ballot push for constitutional amendment|first=John M. |last=Hubbell|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=April 28, 2005|page=B.3}}
16. ^Catholic effort launched to support California proposition defending marriage :: Catholic News Agency (CNA). Catholic News Agency. Retrieved on 2011-03-04.
17. ^{{cite news|title=Nation will closely follow Prop. 8 vote|first=Lisa |last=Leff |agency=Associated Press|work=Deseret News|location=Salt Lake City, Utah|date=November 1, 2008|page=A.2}}
18. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/may/26/opinion/oe-pugno26 | work=Los Angeles Times | first=Andrew | last=Pugno | title=Andrew Pugno – 'You can't just change marriage...' – Los Angeles Times | date=May 26, 2009}}
19. ^{{cite news |url=http://cnsnews.com/news/article/38818 |title=Conservatives Claim Victory on Same-Sex Marriage in California |work=CNSnews.com |publisher= |date= |accessdate= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113064629/http://cnsnews.com/news/article/38818 |archivedate=January 13, 2010 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE54L5EH20090522|title=California high court to rule on gay marriage ban|publisher=Reuters|author=Henderson, Peter|date=2009-05-22|accessdate=2009-05-22}}
21. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/supreme/highprofile/documents/S168047_S168066_S168078-11-19-08_ORDER.pdf|format=PDF|title=California Supreme Court order of November 19, 2008 |accessdate=2008-12-24 |publisher= California Supreme Court |date=2008-11-19}}
22. ^{{cite news|title=Prop 8 proponents seek to nullify same-sex marriages |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/12/19/california.proposition/index.html|publisher=CNN |date=2008-12-19|accessdate=2008-12-19}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.sfbaytimes.com/index.php?sec=article&article_id=12263 |title=Courage Campaign Wins Legal Battle with Prop 8 Supporters |last=McMillan |first=Dennis |date=January 28, 2010 |publisher=San Francisco Bay Times |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2010/12/06/131857575/Gay-Marriage-Hearing-Begins-In-Calif-Court |title=Gay Marriage Hearing Begins In Calif. Court |work=All Things Considered |date=December 6, 2010 |publisher=NPR |accessdate=February 28, 2011}} Transcript of radio news broadcast, hosted by Melissa Block.
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.law.com/jsp/ca/PubArticleCA.jsp?id=1202434317382&slreturn=1&hbxlogin=1 |title=A Conservative Choice for Proposition 8 Supporters |last=Levine |first=Dan |date=October 5, 2009 |publisher=Law.com |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
26. ^1 {{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/01/06/BA121BEGI8.DTL&tsp=1 | title=Prop. 8 trial will be shown on YouTube | publisher=San Francisco Chronicle | author=Egelko, Bob | date=2010-01-06 | accessdate=2010-01-06}}
27. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/19/us/19cameras.html | title=Rule Invites Cameras Into Federal Civil Cases | publisher=The New York Times | author=Schwartz, John | date=2009-12-18 | accessdate=2009-12-19}}
28. ^{{cite web | title=Judge Vaughn Walker: 138,542 in favor, 32 opposed- Courage launched Trial Tracker Blog | work=Courage Campaign | date=2010-01-11 | url=http://www.couragecampaign.org/press/414/judge-vaughn-walker-138542-in-favor-32-opposed-courage-launched-trial-tracker-blog | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725200632/http://www.couragecampaign.org/press/414/judge-vaughn-walker-138542-in-favor-32-opposed-courage-launched-trial-tracker-blog | archivedate=2011-07-25 | df= }}
29. ^{{cite news| date= January 13, 2010 | url= http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2010785955_apussupremecourtgaymarriagetrial.html | title= High Court: No Cameras at Gay Marriage Trial | publisher= Seattle Times | author= Paul Elias and Mark Sherman | accessdate= August 24, 2010 }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cafezine.com/depts/article.aspx?id=24006&deptid=4 |title=Morrison & Foerster Secures Victory for Courage Campaign |publisher=IPFrontline.com |date=January 22, 2010 |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rfcexpress.com/lawsuits/trademark-lawsuits/california-eastern-district-court/53476/protectmarriage-com-yes-on-8-v-courage-campaign/summary/ |title=ProtectMarriage.com – Yes on 8 v. Courage Campaign et al |publisher=RFC Express |accessdate=February 28, 2011}}
32. ^{{cite news|title=Ruling by United States District Court|url=http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/acrobat/2010/08/04/Prop-8-Ruling-FINAL.pdf?tsp=1|accessdate=August 4, 2010 | newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}
33. ^{{cite news |work=New York Times |author=Adam Nagourney |title=Court Strikes Down Ban on Gay Marriage in California |date=February 7, 2012 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/us/marriage-ban-violates-constitution-court-rules.html |accessdate=April 20, 2012}}
34. ^{{cite news|url=http://kdvr.com/2013/06/29/challenge-filed-to-stop-resumption-of-calif-same-sex-marriages/ |title=Challenge filed to stop resumption of Calif. same-sex marriages |publisher=KDVR.com |date=2013-06-29 |accessdate=2013-12-05}}
35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/30/politics/scotus-same-sex-marriages-continue/index.html?eref=rss_mostpopular |title=High court lets same-sex marriages in California continue |publisher=CNN.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-05}}

External links

  • Official website

4 : Political advocacy groups in the United States|Organizations that oppose same-sex marriage|2005 establishments in California|2008 California Proposition 8
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