| 词条 | Protector of the Indians |
| 释义 |
OriginsThe first steps towards the implementation of protection policies for indigenous peoples is believed to have commenced in 1516, when several Hieronymites friars were sent to the Spanish possessions in the Caribbean to evaluate the consequences that colonization was having upon the demographic decline of the native population began when the Indians were forced into slavery. The Indians faced other effects such as forced conversion. The report made by Fray Bartolome de las Casas to Cardinal Cisneros is probably the first documented attempt of those efforts, when the bishops took upon themselves the task of exercising protective actions on the native population.[2] [3] Cisneros granted the title of Protector de Indios to Bartolomé de las Casas, and he was given instructions to serve as an adviser regarding issues concerning the native population. Bartolomé de las Casas was also asked to speak on their behalf during legal proceedings, reporting back to Spain. For over fifty years, while traveling to and from the New World and the court of Spain, Bartolomé de las Casas used his books, letters, and preaching to reveal the harshness of the conquests. Other notable protectors included Juan de Zumárraga (appointed 1527) and Hernando de Luque (appointed 1529). LegislationZumárraga proposed in 1529 to appoint a trusted group of secular officials from different religious orders to be elected as such protectors and intervene in Indian civil and criminal cases. However, the Crown would not yield to the regular clergy full sovereignty over the indigenous population and in 1530 decreed that all issues regarding the natives were to be handled by government officers elected by the local Audiencia. [4] The lack of legislation and official recognition produced many difficulties when trying to define the roles of the protector of the Indians, that were mostly exercised by the bishops during the early period. It wasn't until the publication of the New Laws in 1542 that there was an official prohibition of the enslavement of the natives with added provisions for the gradual abolition of the encomienda system. The first provisions directly addressing the Protector de Indios as such are first known to appear in the Cedulario Indiano compiled by Encina Diego in 1596, and later in the Compilation of the Laws of the Indies, Volume II, Book VI, Title V.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Other related provisions within the Laws refer to the treatment of the Indian subjects, their evangelization and the good care of their lives, with specific instructions to not oppress them in any way and to regard them as vassals of the Crown. It also required from the prosecutor of the local Audiencia to watch over the treatment given to the natives by colonial representatives with the obligation to punish any violation of the law and notify the Council of the Indies. On April 9, 1591 the Crown issued a Royal Decree and a letter to Luis de Velasco, viceroy of New Spain, that laid down the legal basis for the creation of a specific agency dedicated to the defense of the natives in the colonies. The office was to be headed by an attorney general and a consultant to the legal procedures involving natives.[5] AftermathFollowing the repeal of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 the Protectoría de indios was dismantled, and although it was temporarily restored following the Trienio Liberal, it disappeared completely from the American colonies after their independence, leaving the indigenous population subject to a completely different legal status. References1. ^Bartolomé de las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account, trans. Herma Briffault (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 32-35, 40-41. 2. ^{{cite book | title=El protector de indios | publisher=Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1945 | author=Bayle, Constantino | year=1948 | location=Sevilla | pages=12–13}} 3. ^Bartolomé de las Casas, The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account, trans. Herma Briffault (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 32-35, 40-41. 4. ^{{cite book | title=El protector de indios | publisher=Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1945 | author=Bayle, Constantino | year=1948 | location=Sevilla | pages=7}} 5. ^{{cite book | title=El Juzgado General de Indios en la Nueva España | publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica | author=Borah, Woodrow | year=1985 | location=México | pages=137 | isbn=968-16-1749-5}} Notes
1 : New Spain |
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