| 词条 | Protobothrops flavoviridis |
| 释义 |
|image_caption= |genus=Protobothrops |species=flavoviridis |authority=(Hallowell, 1861) |synonyms=
| synonyms_ref = [1] }}Protobothrops flavoviridis[2] is a species of venomous pit viper endemic to the Ryukyu Islands of Japan. No subspecies are currently recognized.[3] Local common names include "habu",[4] "Okinawa habu",[5] and "Kume Shima habu".[6] DescriptionGrowing to an average total length of {{convert|4|–|5|ft|cm}}, with a maximum of {{convert|7.9|ft|cm}},[7] this is the largest member of its genus. It is slenderly built and gracefully proportioned with a large head. The tail, however, is not prehensile. The crown of the head is covered with small scales. P. flavorviridis has a light olive or brown ground color, overlaid with elongated dark green or brownish blotches. The blotches have yellow edges, sometimes contain yellow spots, and frequently fuse to produce wavy stripes. The belly is whitish with dark coloring along the edges.[5] Distribution and habitatP. flavoviridis is restricted to the Japanese Ryukyu Islands, including Okinawa and the Amami Islands. The type locality is "Amakarima Island (one of the Loo-Choo group)" (= Keramashima, Ryukyu Islands).[1] It is common on the larger volcanic islands, but not present on the smaller coral islands.[5]The species is often reported from the transition zone between palm forest and cultivated fields. It may also be found on rock walls and in old tombs and caves.[5] EcologyThe species is terrestrial[6] and mostly nocturnal. It often enters homes and other structures in search of rats and mice. Bold and irritable, it can strike quickly and has a long reach.[5] Unlike most pitvipers, P. flavoviridis is oviparous and lays eggs, rather than bearing live young.[5] Mating takes place in early spring and up to 18 eggs are laid in mid-summer. The hatchlings, which emerge after an incubation period of 5–6 weeks, are {{convert|10|in|cm|disp=flip}} in length and look the same as the adults.[6] To reduce the population of P. flavoviridis on the island of Okinawa, the small Asian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), was introduced in 1910. Although the effects of this introduction have not been studied, in other such cases the negative effects on species of native birds, mammals, and herpetofauna have been a source of concern for wildlife managers.[8] VenomThe incidence of snakebite in the Amami Islands is 2 per 1,000 people, which is considered very high. The venom of this species is of high toxicity, containing cytotoxin and haemorrhagin components,[9] yet the fatality rate is less than 1%.[10] If a bite victim receives medical care promptly, bites are not life-threatening. However, 6-8% do suffer permanent disability.[5] {{LD50}} values of 3.1, 4.3, 3.7, 2.7, 3.7, 3.8 mg/kg IV, 5.1 mg/kg IP and 6.0, 3.5-5.0, 4.5 mg/kg SC have been reported for the venom.[11]ExploitationOn the island of Okinawa, this species is heavily collected, primarily for use in habu sake (ハブ酒). In this case, the sake is a liquor called awamori (泡盛), alleged to have medicinal properties. As is typical with snake wine, the snakes may be inserted into the container while still alive, causing them to drown, or the snake may be stunned first and gutted while still alive. The production includes the body in the fermentation process and it is sold in bottles that may or may not retain the body of a snake (or other animals such as lizards or scorpions).[12] See also{{Wikispecies|Protobothrops flavoviridis}}{{commonscatinline|Protobothrops flavoviridis}}
References1. ^1 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume). 2. ^http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Protobothrops&species=flavoviridis 3. ^{{ITIS|id=634913|taxon=Trimeresurus flavoviridis|accessdate=25 July 2008}} 4. ^Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S. 2004. Asian Pitvipers. GeitjeBooks. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}. 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. {{ISBN|0-486-26629-X}}. 6. ^1 2 Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}. 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eikanken-okinawa.jp/news/news23/image/23page1.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217232633/http://www.eikanken-okinawa.jp/news/news23/image/23page1.pdf |archivedate=2014-12-17 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hays |first1=Warren S. T.|last2=Conant |first2=Sheila |title=Biology and impacts of Pacific island invasive species. 1. A worldwide review of effects of the small Indian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora: Herpestidae) |journal=Pacific Science |date=2007 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=3–16 |doi=10.1353/psc.2007.0006}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=O'Shea|first=M.|year=2008|title=Venomous snakes of the world|publisher=New Holland Publishers}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eikanken-okinawa.jp/seitaiG/habu/houkokusyo/H23houkoku.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-03-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502171348/http://www.eikanken-okinawa.jp/seitaiG/habu/houkokusyo/H23houkoku.pdf |archivedate=2013-05-02 |df= }}. According to this report, 8901 snakebites from this snake are reported during 1964-2011 in Okinawa prefecture(Amami excluded). Among those, fatalities are 53. So, fatality rate is around 0.6%. {{dead link|date=June 2017}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Brown|first=JH|year=1973|title=Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes|location=Springfield, Illinois+publisher=Charles C. Thomas|ISBN=0-398-02808-7}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stripes.com/01/mag/sm072201c.html |title=Okinawa’s potent habu sake packs healthy punch, poisonous snake |accessdate=2008-12-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227062048/http://www.stripes.com/01/mag/sm072201c.html |archivedate=27 December 2008 |df= }} Further reading
External links
5 : Protobothrops|Endemic fauna of Japan|Reptiles of Japan|Reptiles described in 1861|Taxa named by Edward Hallowell (herpetologist) |
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