“Madhubala”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Madhubala made her screen debut in a minor role at the age of 9 with the film Basant (1942). However, her acting career actually began in 1947, when she made her debut with Raj Kapoor at the age of 14 with the film Neel Kamal (1947).^[4] During the career span of 22 years, Madhubala was known for her roles in more than 70 films of variety of genres such as Mahal (1949), Dulari (1949), Beqasoor (1950), Tarana (1951), Amar (1954), Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Howrah Bridge (1958) and Mughal-e-Azam (1960) with actors such as Dilip Kumar, Guru Dutt, Ashok Kumar, Dev Anand, Kishore Kumar and many more as her co-stars. Out of 73 Hindi films, only fifteen of them were successful at box office. She received her only nomination for a Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in Mughal-e-Azam (1960).^[5]

In 1951, she also caught the interest of Hollywood when ace photographer James Burke visited India and photographed her for Life Magazine. In their feature of her, Life, called her "the biggest star" in the international film industry. She was photographed extensively for this feature by James Burke.^[6] Madhubala had been compared to Marilyn Monroe: the smoldering looks, the short career, the tragic end. "There was a remarkable similarity in the soft vulnerability of their faces", writes Khatija Akbar in her biography of Madhubala. "The same abandoned to their laughter, head thrown back, that same incandescent glow". She was an avid fan of Hollywood, and while visiting Bombay, Frank Capra was keen in giving her a break in Hollywood but her father refused.

Often drawing comparisons with Marilyn Monroe, Madhubala received wide recognition for her performances in films such as Mahal (1949), Amar (1954), Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Mughal-e-Azam (1960) and Barsaat Ki Raat (1960). Her performance in Mughal-e-Azam established her as an iconic actress of Hindi Cinema. Her last film Jwala, although shot in the 1950s, was released in 1971.

Madhubala's private life received much attention. Madhubala had a long relationship with actor Dilip Kumar, but instead she married her Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi co-star Kishore Kumar in 1960. Together they had worked in films such as Dhake Ki Malmal (1956), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958), Jhumroo (1961), Half Ticket (1962). Madhubala's life and career was cut short when she died in 1969 from a prolonged illness at the age of 36. Her film Chalak opposite Raj Kapoor was supposed to be released in 1966 as it needed a short spell of shooting, however, she couldn't even survive that strength and therefore, the film was left incomplete even after her death.

Early life and education

Madhubala was born on February 14, 1933 as Mumtaz Jehan Begum Dehlavi, the fifth of eleven children in Delhi, British India (present day in India). Her parents were Ataullah Khan and Aayesha Begum. She had ten siblings out of whom only four survived to adulthood. Her father, Attaullah Khan belonged to the Yousafzai tribe of Pashtuns, and lived in Peshawar valley which includes the present-day regions of Mardan and Swabi, now in Pakistan, with his family.^[7] After losing his job at the Imperial Tobacco Company in Peshawar, he relocated the family to Delhi and then Bombay. The family endured many hardships. Madhubala's three sisters and two brothers died at the ages of five and six. The dock explosion and fire of 14 April 1944 wiped out their small home. The family survived only because they had gone to see a film at a local theater.^[8]

With his six remaining daughters to provide for, Khan, and the young Madhubala began to pay frequent visits to Bombay film studios to look for work. At the age of 9, this was Madhubala's introduction to the movie industry, which would provide financial help to her family.^[9] At home, Madhubala was nicknamed Majhli Aapa as she was the fifth child of her parents. Madhubala spoke Urdu and Hindi at home. She couldn't speak a word of English but yearned to learn the language.

Career

1942–49: Early career

Madhubala's first movie Basant (1942), was a box office success. She acted as the daughter to the character played by actress Mumtaz Shanti and was credited as Baby Mumtaz in the film. Basant became the highest-grossing Indian film of that year.^[11] A nine year old Madhubala, then a child artist often tottered around various studios of Bombay in search of work and made several friends there. Around the same time, another child artist Baby Mahjabeen also visited these studios and was known to Madhubala. This Baby Mahjabeen later on, became one of the most sought after stars and her contemporary – Meena Kumari.^[12] Madhubala was a fan of Meena Kumari and said: "She has the most unique voice. No other heroine has it".^[13] After starring in the film Basant, Madhubala starred in director Kidar Sharma's 1945 film Dhanna Bhagat. More films of Baby Mumtaz followed in 1946 and they were Pujari (1946), Phoolwari (1946) and Rajputani (1946). Phoolwari was the third highest grossing film of that year and starred Motilal and Khursheed Bano in lead roles.

Her first lead role, at the age of 14, was opposite Raj Kapoor in Kidar Sharma's Neel Kamal (1947).^[11] Actress Devika Rani was impressed by her performance and potential, and advised her to assume the screen name "Madhubala", literally meaning "honey belle".^[14]

Neel Kamal was the last film in which she was credited as Mumtaz before assuming her screen name "Madhubala".

Hollywood interest

Madhubala is said to be the first Indian woman in Hollywood. In the early 1950s, as Madhubala became popular, she also attracted interest from Hollywood.^[15]

In 1951, Madhubala caught the interest of Hollywood when ace photographer James Burke visited India and photographed her for the Life magazine. In their feature of her, Life called her "the biggest star" in the international industry. She was photographed extensively for this feature by photographer James Burke. She appeared in the American magazine Theatre Arts where, in its August 1952 issue, she was featured in an article with a full page photograph under the title: "The Biggest Star in the World – and she's not in Beverly Hills". The article described Madhubala's immense popularity in India, and explored her wide appeal and large fan base. It also speculated on her potential for international success.^[8] Academy Award winner American director Frank Capra, while visiting Bombay for International Film Festival of India, was keen to give her a break in Hollywood, but her father Ataullah Khan declined this offer.^[16]

1949–57: Career setbacks

Bombay Talkies's Mahal (1949) transformed Madhubala to an overnight superstar. Though it was a role intended for well-known star Suraiya, eventually went to Madhubala after being screen-tested among many leading ladies of that time. She was selected by the film's director Kamal Amrohi, who was also making his directorial debut with this film. This film also established Lata Mangeshkar as a leading playback singer. Its songs, particularly "Aayega Aanewala", are perennial favourites. It was India's first reincarnation thriller film. The film was one of the biggest box office hits of the year in India and paved way for Indian gothic fiction.

After Mahal, Madhubala's film Dulari was released the same year and stars Madhubala with Geeta Bali, Shyam, Jayant and Suresh. The film has the hit song "Suhani Raat Dhal Chuki" sung by Mohammed Rafi and featuring Suresh.^[17] Dulari was the year's eighth-highest-grossing film and was remade in Telugu as Sobha (1958).

Madhubala's co-stars Ashok Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Rehman, Pradeep Kumar, Shammi Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Sunil Dutt and Dev Anand were the most popular actors of that period. She also appeared with notable leading ladies such as Kamini Kaushal, Suraiya, Geeta Bali, Nalini Jaywant, Shyama and Nimmi. The directors she worked with, Mehboob Khan (Amar), Guru Dutt (Mr. & Mrs. '55), Kamal Amrohi (Mahal) and K. Asif (Mughal-e-Azam), were amongst the most prolific and respected. Madhubala also became a producer and produced films like Naata (1955) and Mahlon Ke Khwab (1960) and acted in both the films.^[18]

During the 1950s, Madhubala took starring roles in almost every genre of film being made at that time. Her 1950 film Hanste Aansoo was the first ever Hindi film to get an "A" – adults only – rating from the Central Board of Film Certification.

1958–60: Breakthrough years

In the film, Howrah Bridge, she starred with her future brother-in-law Ashok Kumar and played the role of an Anglo-Indian Cabaret singer involved in Calcutta's Chinatown underworld. In the song "Aaiye Meherebaan" from this film, she lip-synced a torch song dubbed by Asha Bhosle which has remained popular to this day. Howrah Bridge performed above average at box office. Its name is a reference to Howrah Bridge, which connects Howrah to Kolkata over the Hooghly River. It features the well known Hindi song Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu sung by Geeta Dutt which was re-used in the film Salaam Bombay!.

In the super hit 1958 film Kala Pani, Madhubala starred opposite Dev Anand. The film was produced by Dev Anand for Navketan Films and was directed by Raj Khosla. The film was the remake of the 1955 Bengali film Sabar Uparey and which itself was based on A.J. Cronin's 1953 novel Beyond This Place. The film has the hit song "Achchha Jee Main Hari" sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle.

Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi features Madhubala and her future husband Kishore Kumar in lead roles and Kumar's two brothers Anoop Kumar and Ashok Kumar. Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi was the second highest grossing film of the year. The film has hit songs such as "Babu Samjho Ishaare", "Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhagi Si", "Haal Kaisa Hai Janab Ka" and "Main Sitaaron Ka Taraana". The film Phagun was directed by Bibhuti Mitra and was the sixth-highest-grossing film of that year. The film stars Madhubala and Bharat Bhushan in lead roles and has the song "Ek Pardesi Mera Dil Le Gaya" sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle.

Popularity

Madhubala acted in as many as 70 films from 1947 to 1964, but only 15 were box office successes. Many senior actors praised her acting skills. She was even compared with the Hollywood actress and sex symbol Marilyn Monroe with whom she had some passing similarities and was also called "Marilyn Monroe of Bollywood".^[21] Dilip Kumar regrets that "had she lived, and had she selected her films with more care, she would have been far superior to her contemporaries..."^[22] Kumar also points out that "actresses those days faced a lot of difficulties and constraints in their career. Unable to assert themselves too much, they fell back on their families who became their caretakers and defined everything for them."^[23]

Mughal-e-Azam

It was the film Mughal-e-Azam that marked what many consider to be Madhubala's greatest and definitive characterization, as the doomed courtesan Anarkali. Although the film took nine years to complete, it was not until 1953 that Madhubala was finally chosen for the role. Bunny Reuben in his book Dilip Kumar: Star Legend of Indian Cinema claimed that Dilip Kumar's role was instrumental behind this selection.^[24] Mughal-e-Azam gave Madhubala the opportunity of fulfilling herself totally as an actress, for it was a role that all actresses dreamt of playing, as Nimmi acknowledges that "as an actress, one gets a lot of roles, there is no shortage of them, but there isn’t always good scope for acting. With Mughal-e-Azam, Madhubala showed the world just what she could do."^[25]

However, by the late 1950s, her health was deteriorating rapidly, and director K. Asif, probably unaware of the extent of Madhubala's illness, required long shooting schedules that made physical demands on her, whether it was posing as a veiled statue in suffocating make-up for hours under the studio lights or being shackled with heavy chains. It was also a time when Madhubala's relationship with Dilip Kumar was fading out, and the lives of Madhubala and her screen character were consistently seen as overlapping because of the overwhelming sense of loss and tragedy and the unrelenting diktat of destiny that clung to both and which neither could escape".^[26]

Mughal-e-Azam was released on 5 August 1960, and broke box office records in India and became the highest-grossing film at that time, a record that went unbroken for 15 years until the release of the Sholay in 1975. Madhubhala was nominated for a Filmfare Award for her performance in Mughal-e-Azam.

1960-64: Later career

In 1960, Madhubala was at the peak of her career and popularity with the release of Mughal-e-Azam and Barsaat Ki Raat. She did have intermittent releases in the early 1960s. Some of these, such as Jhumroo (1961), Half Ticket (1962) and Sharabi (1964), performed above average at the box office.

Most of her other films released during this time were marred by her absence due to illness during filming and subsequent lack of completion. These films suffer from compromised editing, and in some cases the use of "doubles" in an attempt to patch-in scenes that Madhubala was unable to shoot.^[27] Her last released film Jwala, although filmed in the late 1950s, was not released until 1971. It was released two years after her death.

Personal life

Relationships

In her biography, The Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala, freelance journalist and author, Mohan Deep wrote:

When Madhubala was a child, she had a friend called Latif. Before leaving for Mumbai, Madhubala gave him a red rose and an indication for their love. After she left, he became depressed. He kept the rose with himself and later became an IAS officer. When Madhubala died, he placed that red rose on her grave. Now he is retired and keeps a red rose in her grave on 23rd February every year.^[28]

Kamal Amrohi

After Kamal Amrohi's directed film Mahal became super hit, they both began a relationship. Her father Ataullah Khan was aware of their relationship but he was in awe with Amrohi'd great personality and said:"Aage chalke inn dono ki shaadi ho jaye toh mujhe koi aitraaz nahi hai". (I have no objection if they both get married in future.) However, Amrohi was already married but still loved and wanted to marry Madhubala who refused to share with Amrohi's wife.

Marriage to Kishore Kumar (1960)

Madhubala met Kishore Kumar during the shooting of Dhake Ki Malmal (1956). In 1960, Madhubala married him when she was 27 years old. When Madhubala was ill in the late 1950s with the congenital heart disease, Kishore Kumar proposed to her and she decided to marry him after realizing that Dilip Kumar was not going to marry her. Kishore Kumar's family never accepted her in their family because Kishore Kumar married Madhubala as per his own wish. The couple had a Hindu ceremony to please Kumar's family but Madhubala was never truly accepted as his wife. Reportedly, Kishore Kumar converted himself into Islam and changed his legal name to "Karim Abdul" to marry her.^[29] However, in an interview given to Filmfare, he said that neither he nor Madhubala ever changed their religion to marry each other. They went to London soon after their marriage for their honeymoon where the doctor told her that she had only two years to live. According to Madhubala's sister, Madhur Bhushan, after returning India, Kishore Kumar bought a flat for Madhubala at Quarter Deck, Carter's Road, Bandra, where they stayed for a while and then, he left her there with a nurse and a driver.^[30] He would visit Madhubala once in two months and said he couldn't look after her. But he never abused her as was reported and bore her medical expenses.

She added "Often Kishore bhaiya's phone was disconnected. He'd visit her once in two to three months.He'd say, 'If I come, you'll cry and it'll not be good for your heart. You'll go into depression. You should rest'. She was young and jealousy was natural. Perhaps, a feeling of being abandoned killed her". Their marriage lasted for nine years. After Madhubala died in 1969 at the age of 36, Kishore Kumar married actress Yogeeta Bali in 1975.^[31]

Controversies on Madhubala's life

In their 1962 book Self-Portrait, Harish Booch and Karing Doyle commented that "Unlike other stars, Madhubala prefers a veiled secrecy around her and is seldom seen in social gatherings or public functions." (p. 76), and went on to say that "Contrary to general belief, Madhubala is rather simple and unassuming" (p. 78).^[14]^[32] This is echoed in her sister's interview with Filmfare: "(Madhubala) became a craze because she was never seen in public. She wasn't allowed to attend any function, any premiere. She had no friends. But she never resisted, she was obedient. Being protective, my father earned the reputation of being domineering".^[33] Dilip Kumar added: "She was extremely popular... and I think the only star for whom people thronged outside the gates. Very often when shooting was over, there’d be a vast crowd standing at the gates just to have a look at Madhu... It wasn’t so for anyone else. That was her personal effect on fans. Her personality was vivacious."^[34] But, "She was aware of her beauty," reminisces B. K. Karanjia, former Filmfare editor and a close friend of both Madhubala and her father, "and because there were so many in love with her, she used to play one against the other. But it was out of innocence rather than shrewd calculation."^[35] Dev Anand recalled in a similar way: "She liked to flirt innocently and was great fun."^[36]^[37] However, with Dilip Kumar she had a long association.

Dilip Kumar and Madhubala first met on the set of Jwar Bhata when she was 11 years of age, and worked together again on the film Har Singaar (1949), which was shelved. Their relationship began two years later during the filming of Tarana (1951). But she had to give the courtship with Dilip due to her father's opposition to him. They became a romantic pair appearing in a total of four films together. Actor Shammi Kapoor recalled that "Dilip Kumar would drive down from Bombay to meet Madhubala... he even flew to Bombay to spend Eid with her, taking time off from his shooting stint..."^[38]^[33] But, Madhubala's father Ataullah Khan initially did not give them permission to marry.^[39] Dilip Kumar said: "She was a very, very obedient daughter",^[40] and who, in spite of the success, fame and wealth, submitted to the domination of her father and more often than not paid for his mistakes.^[41] "This inability to leave her family was her greatest drawback", believed Shammi Kapoor, "for it had to be done at some time."^[42]

Kumar later revealed that her father eventually gave them permission to marry and was "glad to have two stars under the same roof." However, her father, who owned his own production company, wanted to make "a business venture out of their proposed marriage" according to Kumar, which he did not approve of, after which the relationship began turning sour.^[43] The Naya Daur court case happened in 1956 when Dilip Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father in favor of director B.R. Chopra in open court. This struck a fatal blow to the Dilip-Madhubala relationship as it ended any chance of reconciliation between Dilip Kumar and Madhubala's father.^[44] Reflecting on this, while Dilip Kumar said he was "trapped",^[45] Shammi Kapoor felt "this was something which went beyond him (Dilip) and he couldn’t control the whole situation..."^[46]

Madhubala met Kishore Kumar during the making of 1956 film Dhake Ki Malmal. In 1958, Kumar's marriage with his first wife ended, after which he and Madhubala began a relationship. Madhubala married Kishore Kumar in 1960.^[47] According to Leena Chandavarkar (Kishore's fourth wife): "When she realized Dilip was not going to marry her, on the rebound and just to prove to him that she could get whomsoever she wanted, she went and married a man she did not even know properly."^[48] B. K. Karanjia assumed that "Madhubala may have felt that perhaps this was her best chance" because by this time she became seriously ill, and was about to stop working completely; however, he added that "it was a most unlikely union, and not a happy one either."^[49]

Madhubala's illness was known to Kishore, but like all the others, he did not realize its gravity; Ataullah Khan did not approve of his son-in-law at all, but he had lost the courage to disapprove.^[50] Ashok Kumar reminisced in a Filmfare interview: "She suffered a lot and her illness made her very bad-tempered. She often fought with Kishore, and would take off to her father's house where she spent most of her time."^[51]

However, Madhubala's love-life continued to be the subject of media speculation. Mohan Deep wrote an unofficial biography of Madhubala titled Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala, published in 1996, where he claims that Kishore Kumar regularly whipped Madhubala, who would show her lashes to Shakti Samanta. He also claimed that the versions about Madhubala's sickness and death provided by her family members did not match with those provided by Kishore Kumar's family members and the fact that Madhubala was forced to wear heavy shackles and whipped mercilessly in real life in the secret version of Mughal-e-Azam is proved by the fact that only a minor part of the total number of reels shot were released for public. However, the secret version of the film earned Kishore Kumar a lot of moolah that he earned forcing Madhubala to work as a sex slave in the secret version of the movie. ^[52] Mohan Deep also questions whether Madhubala was really ill or whether her ailing was a fiction.^[53] The book was heavily criticized on its release by industry veterans such as Shammi Kapoor, Shakti Samanta and Paidi Jairaj.^[35]

Final years and death

Madhubala had a ventricular septal defect (a hole in her heart) which was detected while she was shooting for Bahut Din Huwe in Madras in 1954.^[54] By 1960, her condition had aggravated, and her sister explains that "Due to her ailment, her body would produce extra blood, so it would spill out from the nose and mouth. The doctor would come home and extract bottles of blood. She also suffered from pulmonary pressure of the lungs. She coughed all the time. Every four to five hours she had to be given oxygen or else would get breathless. She was confined to bed for nine years and was reduced to just bones and skin".

In 1966, with a slight improvement in her health, she made a valiant attempt to complete her work in Chalak opposite Raj Kapoor, which needed only a short spell of shooting, but she could not even survive that strain.^[55] When acting was no longer an option, Madhubala turned her attention to film direction. In 1969, she was set to make her directorial debut with the film Farz aur Ishq. However, the film was never made, as during pre-production, she died on 23 February 1969, shortly after her 36th birthday. The cause of death was determined to be the prolonged lung and heart illness.^[56]^[57] Madhubala's funeral was not attended by Dilip Kumar and it is not known if he was invited. Madhubala was buried at Juhu Muslim Cemetery in Santacruz, Mumbai. Her tomb was built with marbles and inscriptions include aayats from Qur'an and verse dedications. In 2010, Madhubala's tomb along with those of Mohammed Rafi, Parveen Babi, Talat Mahmood, Naushad Ali and Sahir Ludhianvi, was demolished to make way for newer graves. Her remains were placed at an unknown location.^[58]^[59]

Legacy and honours

Madhubala's strong presence in the public memory has been evidenced by all recent polls about top actresses or beauties of the Indian cinema.^[60]^[61] Every year, on her birthday, numerous articles are printed and television programmes aired to commemorate her birthday, to the present day. Her posters are still in demand and sold alongside contemporary actresses such as Meena Kumari, Nargis, Waheeda Rehman and Nutan. Modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career, often promoting her name heavily on the covers to attract sales. In Rediff.com's International Women's Day 2007 special, Madhubala was ranked second in its top ten list of "Bollywood's best actresses".^[62] Many believe, however, that Madhubala remains one of the most underrated actresses as "Her beauty attracted more attention than her talent."^[63]

In 2004, a digitally-colorized version of the original Mughal-e-Azam was released, 35 years after her death.

On 18 March 2008, a commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala was issued.^[64]^[65]The stamp was produced by India Post in a limited edition presentation pack. It was launched by veteran actors Nimmi and Manoj Kumar in a ceremony attended by colleagues, friends and surviving members of Madhubala's family. The only other Indian film actress that was honoured in this manner was Nargis Dutt, at that point of time.^[66]

In 2012, her 1962 release Half Ticket was also remastered, digitally coloured and re-released after 50 years of its original release.

On 10 August 2017, the New Delhi center of Madame Tussauds unveiled a statue of Madhubala, as the famous courtesan Anarkali (of Mughal-E-Azam fame) as a tribute to the legendary actress. The Madame Tussauds opened in New Delhi on 1 December 2017.^[67]^[68]

On 14 February 2019, search engine Google commemorated Madhubala with a Doodle on her 86th birth anniversary.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73] Google commented: "While her breathtaking appearance earned comparisons to Venus, Madhubala was a gifted actor with an understated style well suited for comedies, dramas, and romantic roles alike. Appearing in over 70 films over the course of a tragically brief career, Madhubala—who would have turned 86 today—was called “The Biggest Star in the World” in 1952 by Theatre Arts Magazine."^[74]

Fashion icon and diva

Award

Despite the fact that she was a very popular Actress, Madhubala never received any award unlike her contemporaries, Meena Kumari, Nutan, Waheeda Rehman, Suraiya, Vyjanthimala and Nargis.

Madhubala was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actress in 1961 for her performance in Mughal-e-Azam (1960). However, the award went to actress Bina Rai who won it for her performance in Ghunghat.^[76]

Filmography

Madhubala appeared in more than seventy films but only fifteen of them were successful. In her career spanning 22 years, she also produced two films and even sang some songs in her early films. Here is the complete list of films:

In film

In July 2018, Madhubala's sister, Madhur Bhushan, announced that she was planning to make a biopic on her sister. She will not be directing the film but has urged other filmmakers not to plan any biopics on the same subject. Actress Janhavi Kapoor has expressed her wish to play Madhubala. However as of now, the project remains at the initial stages.^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80]

References

1. ^http://www.indiatoday.in/amp/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/madhubala-310060-2016-02-23
2. ^Booch, Harish and Doyle, Karing.(1962). Self-Portraitt. Bombay: Jai Gujerat Press. pp. 75-78.
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/08/17/stories/2007081750490100.htm|title=They now save for the rainy day|last=Gangadhar|first=V.|date=17 August 2007|work=The Hindu|accessdate=5 October 2011}}
4. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080406/spectrum/main6.htm|title=Mark of Madhubala|last=Dhawan|first=M.L.|date=6 April 2008|work=The Tribune (Chandigarh)|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/rasheeda-bhagat/madhubalas-timeless-beauty/article2062781.ece|title=Madhubala's timeless beauty|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|date=31 May 2011|work=Business Line|accessdate=27 December 2014}}
6. ^http://8ate.blogspot.com/2011/02/madhubala-rare-shoot-photographer.html?m=1
7. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157403|title=Madhubala: From Peshawar with love ...|last=Khan|first=Javed|date=2015-01-18|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-04-20|language=en-US}}
8. ^¹Cert, David: "The Biggest Star in the World – and she's not in Beverly Hills", Theatre Arts (August 1952)
9. ^Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.115.
10. ^http://www.news18.com/news/india/top-20-things-you-didn't-know-about-madhubala-414846.html
11. ^¹"Madhubala", Upperstall.com. Retrieved 19 April 2013
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=af4vAAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=mumtaz |title=Meena Kumari |author=Vinod Mehta |website=Books.google.com |date=2013-07-31 |accessdate=2016-07-25}}
13. ^{{cite web | author=admin | title=Madhubala – Her Sister's Recollections | website=Cineplot.com | date=2016-04-16 | url=http://cineplot.com/legends-madhubala/madhubala-memories/ | accessdate=2016-08-19}}
14. ^¹Patel, B. (1952). Stars of the Indian Screen. Bombay: Parker & Sons.
15. ^http://beaninspirer.com/madhubala-an-actress-so-beautiful-that-the-world-couldn't-digest-it/
16. ^Karanjia, B.K. (2005). Counting My Blessings. New Delhi: Penguin. p. 246-47
17. ^ http://www.citwf.com/film 96447.htm, 1949 film Dulari on C.I.T.W.F. website, Retrieved 24 May 2016
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/18dinesh.htm |title=Madhubala: A sweet seduction |date=October 2002 |publisher=Rediff.com |author=|accessdate=2 June 2012}}
19. ^http://m.rediff.com/movies/oct/25sh.htm
20. ^http://upperstall.com/features/incomplete-films-Chalaak/amp
21. ^¹Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.116.
22. ^Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1478–1479). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
23. ^Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1472–1473). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
24. ^Reuben, Bunny (2004). Dilip Kumar: Star Legend of Indian Cinema. Delhi: Harper Collins
25. ^Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1811–1812). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
26. ^Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2200–2202). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
27. ^ Filmfare, May 13–26, 1977, p. 41.
28. ^http://amp/s/www.hersociety.com/amp/society-culture/the-tragic-love-affairs-of-madhubala-the-venus-queen-article-83000
29. ^{{citation|url=http://www.firstpost.com/topics/Kishore |publisher= First Post}}
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