“Madison, Wisconsin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Madison is the capital of the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the seat of Dane County. As of July 1, 2017, Madison's estimated population of 255,214^[2] made it the second-largest city in Wisconsin by population, after Milwaukee, and the 82nd-largest in the United States. The city forms the core of the Madison Metropolitan Area which includes Dane County and neighboring Iowa, Green, and Columbia counties for a population of 654,230.

Located on an isthmus between Lake Mendota and Lake Monona, Madison is a thriving city with a strong culture that revolves around locavore food offerings, a live music scene and an appreciation of the arts. The city is home to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, the Wisconsin State Capitol, numerous neighborhoods with unique vibes, Henry Vilas Zoo, lakes, and an extensive network of parks and bike trails. Known for its progressive culture and Democratic politics, Madison has been a historical epicenter of political activity, protests, and demonstrations.^[3]^[4]^[5]

Madison is a growing technology economy and the region is home to the headquarters of Epic Systems, American Family Insurance, American Girl, Sub-Zero, Lands' End, a regional office for Google, the University Research Park^[6]^[7]^[8], as well as many biotech and heath systems startups. Madison's proximity to a world class university and its high education level allow it to be an entrepreneurial hub that ranks in the top fifteen cities worldwide for venture capital deals per capita.^[9]

History

Pre-Colonization

Before Europeans, humans inhabited the area in and around Madison for about 12,000 years.^[10] In 1800, the Madison area was Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) Country. The Native Americans called this place Taychopera (Ta-ko-per-ah), meaning "land of the four lakes" (Mendota, Monona, Waubesa, and Kegonsa). Effigy mounds, which had been constructed for ceremonial and burial purposes over 1,000 years earlier, dotted the rich prairies around the lakes.^[11]

Creation

Madison's European origins begin in 1829, when former federal judge James Duane Doty purchased over a thousand acres (4 km²) of swamp and forest land on the isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona, with the intention of building a city in the Four Lakes region. He purchased 1,261 acres for $1,500. When the Wisconsin Territory was created in 1836 the territorial legislature convened in Belmont, Wisconsin. One of the legislature's tasks was to select a permanent location for the territory's capital. Doty lobbied aggressively for Madison as the new capital, offering buffalo robes to the freezing legislators and promising choice Madison lots at discount prices to undecided voters.^[12] He had James Slaughter plat two cities in the area, Madison and "The City of Four Lakes", near present-day Middleton.

Doty named his city Madison for James Madison, the fourth President of the U.S. who had died on June 28, 1836, and he named the streets for the other 39 signers of the U.S. Constitution.^[13] Although the city existed only on paper, the territorial legislature voted on November 28, 1836 in favor of Madison as its capital, largely because of its location halfway between the new and growing cities around Milwaukee in the east and the long established strategic post of Prairie du Chien in the west, and between the highly populated lead mining regions in the southwest and Wisconsin's oldest city, Green Bay, in the northeast.^[14] ^[15]

Expansion

The cornerstone for the Wisconsin capitol was laid in 1837, and the legislature first met there in 1838. On October 9, 1839, Kintzing Prichett registered the plat of Madison at the registrar's office of the then-territorial Dane County.^[16] Madison was incorporated as a village in 1846, with a population of 626. When Wisconsin became a state in 1848, Madison remained the capital, and the following year it became the site of the University of Wisconsin (now University of Wisconsin–Madison). The Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad (a predecessor of the Milwaukee Road) connected to Madison in 1854. Madison incorporated as a city in 1856, with a population of 6,863, leaving the unincorporated remainder as a separate Town of Madison.^[17] The original capitol was replaced in 1863 and the second capitol burned in 1904. The current capitol was built between 1906 and 1917.^[18]

During the Civil War, Madison served as a center of the Union Army in Wisconsin. The intersection of Milwaukee, East Washington, Winnebago, and North Streets is known as Union Corners, because a tavern there was the last stop for Union soldiers before heading to fight the Confederates. Camp Randall, on the west side of Madison, was built and used as a training camp, a military hospital, and a prison camp for captured Confederate soldiers. After the war ended, the Camp Randall site was absorbed into the University of Wisconsin and Camp Randall Stadium was built there in 1917. In 2004 the last vestige of active military training on the site was removed when the stadium renovation replaced a firing range used for ROTC training.

1960s and 1970s

In the 1960s and 1970s, the Madison counterculture was centered in the neighborhood of Mifflin and Bassett streets, referred to as "Miffland". The area contained many three-story apartments where students and counterculture youth lived, painted murals, and operated the co-operative grocery store, the Mifflin Street Co-op. Residents of the neighborhood often came into conflict with authorities, particularly during the administration of Republican mayor Bill Dyke. Dyke was viewed by students as a direct antagonist in efforts to protest the Vietnam War because of his efforts to suppress local protests. The annual Mifflin Street Block Party became a focal point for protest, although by the late 1970s it had become a mainstream community party.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, thousands of students and other citizens took part in anti-Vietnam War marches and demonstrations, with more violent incidents drawing national attention to the city and UW campus. These include:

These protests were the subject of the documentary The War at Home.^[19] David Maraniss's book, They Marched into Sunlight, incorporated the 1967 Dow protests into a larger Vietnam War narrative. Tom Bates wrote the book Rads on the subject ({{ISBN|0-06-092428-4}}). Bates wrote that Dyke's attempt to suppress the annual Mifflin Street Block Party "would take three days, require hundreds of officers on overtime pay, and engulf the student community from the nearby Southeast Dorms to Langdon Street's fraternity row. Tear gas hung like heavy fog across the Isthmus." In the fracas, student activist Paul Soglin, then a city alderman, was arrested twice and taken to jail. Soglin was later elected mayor of Madison, serving from 1973 to 1979, 1989 to 1997, and is the current mayor, elected again in April 2011.

21st Century

In early 2011, Madison was the site for large protests against a bill proposed by Governor Scott Walker that abolished almost all collective bargaining for public worker unions.^[20] The protests at the capitol ranged in size from 10,000 to over 100,000 people and lasted for several months.^[21]

Geography

Madison is located in the center of Dane County in south-central Wisconsin, {{convert|77|mi|km|0}} west of Milwaukee and {{convert|122|mi|km|0}} northwest of Chicago. The city completely surrounds the smaller Town of Madison, the City of Monona, and the villages of Maple Bluff and Shorewood Hills. Madison shares borders with its largest suburb, Sun Prairie, and three other suburbs, Middleton, McFarland, and Fitchburg. Other suburbs include the city of Verona and the villages of Cottage Grove, DeForest, and Waunakee as well as Mount Horeb, Oregon, Stoughton, and Cross Plains among others.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|94.03|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|76.79|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is land and {{convert|17.24|sqmi|sqkm|2}} is water.^[22]

The city is sometimes described as The City of Four Lakes, comprising the four successive lakes of the Yahara River: Lake Mendota ("Fourth Lake"), Lake Monona ("Third Lake"), Lake Waubesa ("Second Lake") and Lake Kegonsa ("First Lake"),^[23] although Waubesa and Kegonsa are not actually in Madison, but just south of it. A fifth smaller lake, Lake Wingra, is within the city as well; it is connected to the Yahara River chain by Wingra Creek. The Yahara flows into the Rock River, which flows into the Mississippi River. Downtown Madison is located on an isthmus between Lakes Mendota and Monona. The city's trademark of "Lake, City, Lake" reflects this geography.

Neighborhoods

Local identity varies throughout Madison, with over 120 officially recognized neighborhood associations, such as the east side Williamson-Marquette Neighborhood.^[24]^[25] Neighborhoods on and near the eastern part of the isthmus, some of the city's oldest, have the strongest sense of identity and are the most politically liberal.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Historically, the north, east, and south sides were blue collar while the west side was white collar, and to a certain extent this remains true. Students dominate on the University of Wisconsin campus and to the east into downtown, while to its south and in Shorewood Hills on its west, faculty have been a major presence since those neighborhoods were originally developed. The turning point in Madison's development was the university's 1954 decision to develop its experimental farm on the western edge of town; since then, the city has grown substantially along suburban lines.

Major Commercial Areas

Hilldale

The Hilldale area comprises the Hill Farms neighborhood, Sunset Village Neighborhood, and part of the suburb of Shorewood Hills. The area is marked by long winding streets which give it a suburban feel^[26], but also a strong commercial presence and is full of development. The area contains Hilldale Shopping Center, an outdoor shopping center which has numerous restaurants, a movie theater, and many national retail chains, like Kate Spade and Sur La Table. It is a common destination for students and permanent residents alike.

Capital Square

The Capital Square Area is Madison’s central business district. It is home to high rise luxury apartments, fine dining, and upscale shopping. It contains numerous museums and is home to the Wisconsin State Capitol building and the Monona Terrace^[27]. The capital square holds many public events for the city of Madison including the Dane County Farmers' Market, Concerts on the Square, Taste of Madison and Art Fair on the Square. The area boasts a thriving nightlife with many upscale bars and live music venues. The area is full of residents, students, and tourists alike.^[28]

State Street

A highly popular place to visit is State Street, which links the University of Wisconsin campus with the Capitol Square, and is lined with restaurants, espresso cafes, and shops. Only pedestrians, buses, emergency vehicles, delivery vehicles, and bikes are allowed on State Street, which nonetheless remains busting both during the day and night. State street is home to much of the nightlife of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, as it hosts a large number of bars and performance venues ranging from comedy clubs to large theaters that often show touring casts of major Broadway shows. State street is home to Freakfest, the annual Halloween party in Madison.

Park Street

The Park Street Area is located in the south of Madison, and contains multiple official neighborhoods, notably the Burr Oaks Neighborhood Association and Greenbush. It is one of the most diverse neighborhoods in Madison, both ethnically and economically^[29]. It was seen as a more blighted neighborhood earlier in the 21st century, but as revitalization efforts replaced old storefronts with multipurpose apartment buildings, the area has seen substantial growth. Park Street is home to a large number of ethnic restaurants and grocery stores, as well as retail. Residential areas to the sides of park street tend to have smaller houses or condos, and a higher density of houses.

Monroe Street

The Dudgeon-Monroe neighborhood is a desirable and trendy area close to downtown Madison. It is located around Monroe street, which is a hip bohemian corridor scaled to pedestrians and lined with local shops, coffee houses, dining and galleries^[30]. It is home to a neighborhood jazz fest and Wingra Park, where you can rent paddle boats and canoes at the boathouse on Lake Wingra.

Willy Street

The Marquette neighborhood sits on the near east side of Madison and is home to much of the bohemian culture in Madison. Willy (Williamson) Street is packed full of locally owned shops, restaurants and entertainment establishments. The area is home to a large number of murals, a variety of art galleries, and its own cooperative, the Willy Street Co-op. The houses in the Marquette neighborhood fall into two separate historic districts, Third Lake Ridge Historic District and Marquette Bungalow Historic District^[31]. The area is also home to a variety of festivals including the Waterfront Festival (June), La Fete de Marquette (July), Orton Park Festival (August), and Willy Street Fair (September). Houses lining the street are often painted colorfully, and the area is well known for it murals^[32].

Architecture

Madison has a distinctively low skyline due to a state law that limits building heights in the downtown area. All buildings within one mile (1.6 km) of the Wisconsin State Capitol have to be less than {{Convert|1032.8|ft|}} above sea level to preserve the view of the building in most areas of the city.^[33] The Wisconsin State Capitol dome was modeled after the dome of the U.S. Capitol, and was erected on the high point of the isthmus. Capitol Square is located in Madison's urban core, and is well-integrated with everyday pedestrian traffic and commerce.

The renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright spent much of his childhood in Madison and studied briefly at the university. Wright designed 32 buildings for the madison area, of which 12 were constructed. Nine of the twelve buildings still stand today. Buildings in Madison designed by Wright include Usonian House, and the Unitarian Meeting House. Monona Terrace, now a convention and community center overlooking Lake Monona, was created by Anthony Puttnam—a student of Wright's—based on a 1957 Wright design. The Harold C. Bradley House in the University Heights neighborhood was designed collaboratively by Louis H. Sullivan and George Grant Elmslie in 1908–10, and now serves as the Sigma Phi Fraternity.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

The Overture Center for the Arts opened 2004, and the adjacent Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, opened 2006, on State Street near the capitol were designed by architect César Pelli. Within the Overture Center are Overture Hall, Capitol Theater, and The Playhouse. Its modernist style, with simple expanses of glass framed by stone, was designed to complement nearby historic building facades.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

The architectural firm Claude and Starck designed over 175 Madison buildings, and many are still standing, including Breese Stevens Field, Doty School (now condominiums), and many private residences.^[34]

Architecture on the University of Wisconsin campus includes many buildings designed or supervised by the firm J. T. W. Jennings, such as the Dairy Barn and Agricultural Hall, or by architect Arthur Peabody, such as the Memorial Union and Carillon Tower. Several campus buildings erected in the 1960s followed the brutalist style. In 2005 the university embarked on a major redevelopment at the east end of its campus. The plan called for the razing of nearly a dozen 1950s to 1970s vintage buildings; the construction of new dormitories, administration, and classroom buildings; as well as the development of a new pedestrian mall extending to Lake Mendota. The campus now includes 12- to 14-story buildings.^[35]

Points of interest

Climate

Madison, along with the rest of the state, has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb/Dfa), characterized by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance: winter temperatures can be well below freezing, with moderate to occasionally heavy snowfall and temperatures reaching {{convert|0|°F|0}} on 17 nights annually; high temperatures in summer average in the lower 80s °F (27–28 °C), reaching {{convert|90|°F|0}} on an average 12 days per year,^[38] with lower humidity levels than winter but higher than spring. Summer accounts for a greater proportion of annual rainfall, but winter still sees significant precipitation.

Demographics

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $41,941, and the median income for a family was $59,840. Males had a median income of $36,718 versus $30,551 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,498. About 5.8% of families and 15.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 4.5% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

As of the census^[42] of 2010, there were 233,209 people, 102,516 households, and 47,824 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3037.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 108,843 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1417.4|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city is 78.9 percent white, 7.3 percent black, 0.4 percent American Indian, 7.4 percent Asian, 2.9 percent other races, and 3.1 mixed race Hispanic or Latino of any race consisted of 6.8 percent of the population.

There were 102,516 households of which 22.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 53.3% were non-families. 36.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.87.

The median age in the city was 30.9 years. 17.5 percent of residents were under the age of 18; 19.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 31.4% were from 25 to 44; 21.9% were from 45 to 64; and 9.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.2% male and 50.8% female.

Combined Statistical Area

Madison is the larger principal city of the Madison-Janesville-Beloit, WI CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Madison metropolitan area (Columbia, Dane, Green and Iowa counties), the Janesville-Beloit metropolitan area (Rock County), and the Baraboo micropolitan area (Sauk County).^[43]^[44]^[45] As of July 1, 2016, the Madison MSA had an estimated population of 648,929^[46] and the Madison CSA had an estimated population of 874,498.^[47]

Religion

Madison is the episcopal see for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison.^[48] Saint Raphael's Cathedral, damaged by arson in 2005 and demolished in 2008, was the mother church of the diocese. The steeple and spire survived and have been preserved with the intention they could be incorporated in the structure of a replacement building.^[49]

The nation's third largest congregation of Unitarian Universalists,^[50] the First Unitarian Society of Madison, makes its home in the historic Unitarian Meeting House, designed by one of its members, Frank Lloyd Wright.^[51]

Bethel Lutheran Church of the Evangelical Church in America, in downtown Madison, is one of the largest Lutheran congregations in the country.

Most American Christian movements are represented in the city, including mainline denominations, evangelical, charismatic and fully independent churches, including an LDS stake. The city also has multiple Sikhism temples, Hindu temples, three mosques and several synagogues, a Bahá'í community center, a Quaker Meeting House, and a Unity Church congregation.

Madison also has a large atheist population. Madison is home to the Freedom from Religion Foundation, a non-profit organization that promotes the separation of church and state.

Economy

Wisconsin state government and the University of Wisconsin–Madison remain the two largest Madison employers. However, Madison's economy today is evolving from a government-based economy to a consumer services and high-tech base, particularly in the health, biotech, and advertising sectors.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Beginning in the early 1990s, the city experienced a steady economic boom and has been less affected by recession than other areas of the state. Much of the expansion has occurred on the city's south and west sides, but it has also affected the east side near the Interstate 39-90-94 interchange and along the northern shore of Lake Mendota. Underpinning the boom is the development of high-tech companies, many fostered by UW–Madison working with local businesses and entrepreneurs to transfer the results of academic research into real-world applications, especially bio-tech applications.

Many businesses are attracted to Madison's skill base, taking advantage of the area's high level of education. 48.2% of Madison's population over the age of 25 holds at least a bachelor's degree.^[52] Forbes magazine reported in 2004 that Madison has the highest percentage of individuals holding Ph.D.s in the United States. In 2006, the same magazine listed Madison as number 31 in the top 200 metro areas for "Best Places for Business and Careers."^[53] Madison has also been named in Forbes ten Best Cities several times within the past decade.^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] In 2009, in the midst of the late-2000s recession, Madison had an unemployment rate of 3.5% and was ranked number one in a list of "ten cities for job growth".^[58]

Business

The largest employer in Madison is the Wisconsin state government, excluding employees of the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics employees, although both groups of workers are state employees.^[59]

The University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics is an important regional teaching hospital and regional trauma center, with strengths in transplant medicine, oncology, digestive disorders, and endocrinology.^[60] Other Madison hospitals include St. Mary's Hospital,^[61] Meriter Hospital, and the VA Medical Center.

Madison is home to companies such as Spectrum Brands (formerly Rayovac), Alliant Energy, the Credit Union National Association (CUNA), MGE Energy, Aprilaire, and Sub-Zero & Wolf Appliance. Insurance companies based in Madison include American Family Insurance, CUNA Mutual Group, and National Guardian Life. Technology companies in Madison include Google, Microsoft,^[62] Broadjam, a regional office of CDW, Zendesk, Full Compass Systems, Raven Software, and TDS Telecom.

Much economic growth in Madison is driven by the fast paced, high growth, and high paying field of biotech. In recent years, Madison has become a regional hub for Biotech activity^[63], and is now home to a number of successful companies. Biotech firms include Panvera (now part of Invitrogen), Exact Sciences (company), Promega, and Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals among many others^[64]. The contract research organization Covance is a major employer in the city.^[65] Madison's community hackerspaces/makerspaces are Sector67, which serves inventors and entrepreneurs, and The Bodgery, which serves hobbyists, artists, and tinkerers. Epic Systems was based in Madison from 1979 to 2005, when it moved to a larger campus in the nearby Madison suburb of Verona. Other firms include Nordic, Forward Health, and Forte Research Systems.^[66]

Culture

In 1996 Money magazine identified Madison as the best place to live in the United States.^[69] It has consistently ranked near the top of the best-places list in subsequent years, with the city's low unemployment rate a major contributor.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} More recently, it was named first on Livability's top 100 places to live in 2014 ^[70]

In 2009, Madison ranked No. 2 on Newsmax magazine's list of the "Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns," a piece written by CBS News travel editor Peter Greenberg.^[71]

Food

Madison is home to one of the strongest local foods scenes in the country^[72]. The city is full of James Beard Award winners, Gastropubs, Farm-to-table restaurants and unique offerings^[73].

On Saturday mornings in the summer, the Dane County Farmers' Market is held around the Capitol Square, the largest producer-only farmers' market in the country.^[74] A smaller version of this market is held on Martin Luther King Boulevard on Wednesdays during the summer.^[75] In late fall, this market moves indoors, first as the Holiday Market^[76] at the Monona Terrace. Later it becomes the Late Winter Market^[77] at the Madison Senior Center. This market attracts numerous vendors who sell fresh produce, meat, cheese, and other products.

Many restaurants in Madison follow suit with the general Wisconsin supper club practice of restaurants serving, "Friday fish fry, Saturday prime rib special, Sunday chicken dinner special." ^[78]

The Great Taste of the Midwest craft beer festival, established in 1987 and the second-longest-running such event in North America,^[79] is held the second Saturday in August. The highly coveted tickets sell out within an hour of going on sale in May.^[80]

Outdoor Activities

During the winter months, sports enthusiasts enjoy ice-boating, ice skating, ice hockey, ice fishing, cross-country skiing, and snowkiting.^[81] During the rest of the year, outdoor recreation includes sailing on the local lakes, bicycling, and hiking.

Madison is known for its extensive biking infrastructure, with numerous bike paths and bike lanes throughout the city. Several of these bike paths connect to state trails, such as the Capital City State Trail, Military Ridge State Trail, and Badger State Trail. In addition to these bike paths, most city streets have designated bike lanes or are designated as bicycle boulevards, which give high priority to bicyclists. In 2015 Madison was awarded platinum level Bicycle Friendly Community designation from the League of American Bicyclists, one of only five cities in the US to receive this (highest) level.^[82]

Nightlife

Downtown Madison is home to a popular and thriving nightlife. Students from the University of Wisconsin-Madison regularly flock to spots on State Street and the surrounding area on weekends^[83]. Bars such as the Kollege Klub, Plaza Tavern, State Street Brats, Wandos, The DoubleU, Monday's and Whiskey Jack's Saloon are often seen with long lines out the door.

Bars in the Capital Square neighborhood are less frequented by students and more by young professionals and work happy hours^[84]. Another center of nightlife is the Willy Street Neighborhood, one of the more bohemian areas of Madison.

Among the city's neighborhood fairs and celebrations are two large student-driven gatherings, the Mifflin Street Block Party and the State Street Halloween Party. Rioting and vandalism at the State Street gathering in 2004 and 2005 led the city to institute a cover charge for the 2006 celebration.^[85] In an attempt to give the event more structure and to eliminate vandalism, the city and student organizations worked together to schedule performances by bands, and to organize activities. The event has been named "Freakfest on State Street."^[86] Events such as these have helped contribute to the city's nickname of "Madtown."

Music

Several venues offer live music nightly, spreading from the historic Barrymore Theatre and High Noon Saloon on the east side to^[88] small coffee houses and wine bars. The biggest headliners sometimes perform at the Orpheum Theatre, the Overture Center, Breese Stevens Field, the Alliant Energy Center, or the UW Theatre on campus. Other major rock and pop venues include the Majestic Theatre, the Sylvee, The Bartell, and the Frequency. During the summer, the Memorial Union Terrace on the University of Wisconsin campus, offers live music five nights a week. The Union is located on the shores of Lake Mendota.

Concerts on the Square is a weekly Madison tradition during the summer. On Wednesday evenings, the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra performs free concerts on the capitol's lawn ^[89], and picnickers flock by the thousands to listen to the music while sitting on the grass, eating and drinking.

The Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps has provided youth aged 16–22 opportunities to perform across North America every summer since 1938.{{fact|date=January 2019}} The University of Wisconsin Marching Band is a local marching band.{{fact|date=January 2019}}

Madison has a lively independent rock scene, and local independent record labels include Crustacean Records, Science of Sound,^[90] Kind Turkey Records,^[91] and Art Paul Schlosser Inc. A Dr. Demento^[92] and weekly live karaoke^[93] favorite is The Gomers,^[94] who have a Madison Mayoral Proclamation named after them.^[95] They have performed with fellow Wisconsin residents Les Paul and Steve Miller.^[96]

Madison is also home to other nationally known artists such as Paul Kowert of Punch Brothers, Mama Digdown's Brass Band, Clyde Stubblefield of Funky Drummer and James Brown fame, and musicians Roscoe Mitchell, Richard Davis, Ben Sidran, Sexy Ester and the Pretty Mama Sisters, Reptile Palace Orchestra, Ted Park, DJ Pain 1, Killdozer, Zola Jesus, Caustic, PHOX, Masked Intruder, and Lou & Peter Berryman, among others. The band Garbage formed in Madison in 1994, and has sold 17 million albums.^[97]

In the summer Madison hosts many music festivals, including the Waterfront Festival, the Willy St. Fair, Atwood Summerfest, the Isthmus Jazz Festival, the Orton Park Festival, 94.1 WJJO's Band Camp, Greekfest, the WORT Block Party and the Sugar Maple Traditional Music Festival, and the Madison World Music Festival sponsored by the Wisconsin Union Theater (held at the Memorial Union Terrace and at the Willy St. Fair in September). Past festivals include the Madison Pop Festival and Forward Music Festival (2009–2010.) One of the latest additions is the Fête de Marquette, taking place around Bastille Day at various east side locations. This new festival celebrates French music, with a focus on Cajun influences. Madison also hosts an annual electronic music festival, Reverence, and the Folk Ball, a world music and Folk dance festival held annually in January. Madison is home to the LBGTQA festival, Fruit Fest, celebrating queer culture and LGBT allies. Madison also plays host to the National Women's Music Festival.^[98] UW-Madison also hosts the annual music and arts festival, Revelry, on campus at the Memorial Union each spring. The festival is put on by students for students as an end of the year celebration on campus.^[99]

Art

Art museums include the UW–Madison's Chazen Museum of Art (formerly the Elvehjem Museum), and the Madison Museum of Contemporary Art, which annually organizes the Art Fair on the Square. Madison also has independent art studios, galleries, and arts organizations, with events such as Art Fair Off the Square. Other museums include Wisconsin Historical Museum (run by the Wisconsin Historical Society),^[100] the Wisconsin Veterans Museum,^[101] the Madison Children's Museum.^[102]

Performing arts

The Madison Opera, the Madison Symphony Orchestra, Forward Theater Company, the Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra, and the Madison Ballet are some of the professional resident companies of the Overture Center for the Arts. The city is also home to a number of smaller performing arts organizations, including a group of theater companies that present in the Bartell Theatre, a former movie palace renovated into live theater spaces, and Opera for the Young, an opera company that performs for elementary school students across the Midwest. The Wisconsin Union Theater (a 1,300-seat theater) is home to seasonal attractions and is the main stage for Four Seasons Theatre, a community theater company specializing in musical theater, and other groups. The Young Shakespeare Players, a theater group for young people, performs uncut Shakespeare and George B. Shaw plays.

Community-based theater groups include Children's Theatre of Madison, Strollers Theatre, Madison Theatre Guild, the Mercury Players, and Broom Street Theater (which is no longer on Broom Street).

Madison offers one comedy club, the Comedy Club on State (which hosts the Madison's Funniest Comic competition every year since 2010), owned by the Paras family. Madison has other options for more alternative humor, featuring several improv groups, such as Atlas Improv Co., Monkey Business Institute, as well as open-mics virtually every night.

Madison has one of the world's major entertainment industry archives at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research, part of the Wisconsin Historical Society.^[103]

Politics

City voters have supported the Democratic Party in national elections in the last half-century, and a liberal and progressive majority is generally elected to the city council. Detractors often refer to Madison as "77 square miles surrounded by reality." a phrase coined by former Wisconsin Republican governor Lee S. Dreyfus, while campaigning in 1978 ^[104]. In 2013, there was a motion in the city council to turn Dreyfus' insult into the official city "punchline," but it was voted down by the city council.^[105]

The city's voters are generally much more liberal than voters in the rest of Wisconsin. For example, 76% of Madison voters voted against a 2006 state constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage,^[106] even though the ban passed statewide with 59% of the vote.^[107]

In 1992, a local third party, Progressive Dane, was founded. City policies supported in the Progressive Dane platform have included an inclusionary zoning ordinance, later abandoned by the mayor and a majority of the city council, and a city minimum wage. The party holds several seats on the Madison City Council and Dane County Board of Supervisors, and is aligned variously with the Democratic and Green parties.

Other Notable Culture

In 2005, Madison was included in Gregory A. Kompes' book, 50 Fabulous Gay-Friendly Places to Live.^[108] The Madison metro area has a higher percentage of gay couples than any other city in the area outside of Chicago and Minneapolis.^[109]

Madison was host to Rhythm and Booms, a massive fireworks celebration coordinated to music. It began with a fly-over by F-16s from the local Wisconsin Air National Guard. This celebration was the largest fireworks display in the Midwest in length, number of shells fired, and the size of its annual budget.^[110] Effective 2015, the event location was changed to downtown and renamed Shake The Lake.^[111]^[112]

There are several cooperative organizations in the Madison area, ranging from grocery stores (such as the Willy Street Cooperative) to housing co-ops (such as Madison Community Cooperative and Nottingham Housing Cooperative) to worker cooperatives (including an engineering firm, a wholesale organic bakery and a cab company).

Every April, the Wisconsin Film Festival is held in Madison.^[113] This five-day event features films from a variety of genres shown in theaters across the city. The University of Wisconsin–Madison Arts Institute sponsors the Film Festival.^[114]

Madison is known for its unique official bird. In 2009, the Madison Common Council voted to name the plastic pink flamingo as the official city bird.^[115]

Nicknames

Sports

Madison is known as a fantastic city for Athletics for both fans and recreational participants alike. The city has been accoladed as the #1 college sports town in the nation.^[124] Scott Van Pelt also proclaimed Madison the best college sports town in America.^[125] due to the popularity of Wisconsin Badgers football. On game day, the entire city can look like a wave of red and white, and the downtown area is packed full of tailgates and celebrations.

The UW–Madison teams play their home-field sporting events in venues in and around Madison. The Wisconsin Badgers football team plays at Camp Randall Stadium where crowds of as many as 83,000 have attended games. The Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball and Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey teams play at the Kohl Center. Construction on the $76 million arena was completed in 1997. the current national champions for Women's hockey, the Wisconsin Badgers women's ice hockey team plays at the LaBahn Arena. Some events are played at the county-owned Alliant Energy Center (formerly Dane County Memorial Coliseum) and the University-owned Wisconsin Field House.

On May 17, 2018, it was announced that Forward Madison FC will become Madison’s first professional soccer team. The team will play at Breese Stevens Field, beginning in 2019.

Madison is home to the Madison Mallards, a college wood-bat summer baseball league team in the Northwoods League. They play in Warner Park on the city's north side from June to August.

Current Teams

Former Teams

The Madison Muskies, a Class A, Midwest League affiliate of the Oakland A's, left town in 1993 after 11 seasons. The Madison Hatters, another Class A, Midwest League team, played in Madison for only the 1994 season. The Madison Black Wolf, an independent Northern League franchise lasted five seasons (1996–2000), before decamping for Lincoln, Nebraska.

Amateur Sports

Madison has a highly active amateur sports scene, with ultimate, endurance sports, and soccer being popular pastimes.

Madison has several active ultimate disc leagues organized through the nonprofit Madison Ultimate Frisbee Association.^[127] In 2013, the Madison Radicals, a professional ultimate frisbee team, debuted in the city.^[128]

Madison is home to several endurance sports racing events, such as the Crazylegs Classic, Paddle and Portage, the Mad City Marathon, and Ironman Wisconsin, which attracts over 45,000 spectators.^[129]

The Wisconsin Rugby Club, the 1998 and 2013 USA Rugby Division II National Champions, and the Wisconsin Women's Rugby Football Club, the state's only Division I women's rugby team. All madison rugby teams play within the Wisconsin Rugby Football Union, --the Midwest Rugby Union and USA Rugby.

The Madison Curling Club, which was founded in 1921.^[130] Team Spatola of the Madison Curling Club won the 2014 Women's US National Championship. Team members are: Nina Spatola, Becca Hamilton, Tara Peterson, Sophie Brorson.^[131]

Madison's Gaelic sports club, which offers a hurling team organized as The Hurling Club of Madison, and a Gaelic football club, with men's and women's teams.

The roller derby league, Madison Roller Derby, which was formed in Madison in 2004 and is a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association.^[132]

The adult women's ice hockey teams (Thunder, Lightning, Freeze, UW–B and C teams), which play in the Women's Central Hockey League.

The Blackhawk Ski Club, formed in 1947, provides ski jumping, cross country skiing and alpine skiing. The club's programs have produced several Olympic ski jumpers, two Olympic ski jumping coaches and one Olympic ski jumping director. The club had the first Nordic ski facility with lighted night jumping.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}

As of 2017, the Reebok CrossFit Games will be held at the Alliant Energy Center. After seven years at the StubHub Center in Carson, California, the Games will move to a new location for at least the next three years. CrossFit chose the multi-building entertainment venue, which encompasses 164 acres, after posting a national request for proposals. The Dane County campus will be home to the Reebok CrossFit Games in 2017, 2018 and 2019.^[133]

Parks

Madison boasts an impressive 6,431 acres of park space, which is 13.5% of the total city area. ^[134] The city has 12.7 parks per 10,000 residents, more than any other city ^[135]. Some of the more popular parks in the city include James Madison park, which has beautiful views of Lake Mendota, Garner park, where the Madison Opera holds their incredibly popular Opera in the Park^[136], and Warner Park, which is home to the stadium for the baseball team the Madison Mallards.

Government

Madison has a mayor-council system of government. Madison's city council, known as the Common Council, consists of 20 members, one from each district. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote.

Madison is the heart of {{ushr|WI|2}} in the United States House of Representatives, represented by Mark Pocan (D). Mark F. Miller (D) and Fred Risser (D) represent Madison in the Wisconsin State Senate, and Robb Kahl (D), Melissa Sargent (D), Chris Taylor (D), Terese Berceau (D), and Lisa Subeck (D) represent Madison in the Wisconsin State Assembly.

Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) represent Madison, and all of Wisconsin, in the United States Senate. Baldwin is a Madison resident; she represented the 2nd from 1999 to 2013 before handing it to Pocan.

Madison Police Department

The Madison Police Department is the law enforcement agency in the city. It has been led by Chief Michael Koval since 2014.^[137] The department has six districts: Central, East, North, South, West and Midtown District ^[138]

The Madison Police Department was criticized for absolving Officer Steve Heimsness of any wrongdoing in the November 2012 shooting death of an unarmed man, Paul Heenan. The department's actions resulted in community protests, including demands that the shooting be examined and reviewed by an independent investigative body.^[139] WisconsinWatch.org called into question the MPD's facts and findings, stating that the use of deadly force by Heimsness was unwarranted.^[140] There were calls for an examination of the Madison Police Department's rules of engagement and due process for officers who use lethal force in the line of duty.

Community criticism of the department's practices resurfaced after MPD officer Matt Kenny shot Tony Robinson, an unarmed man. The shooting was particularly controversial given the context of the ongoing Black Lives Matter movement. Due to new Wisconsin state legislation^[141] that addresses the mechanisms under which officer-on-civilian violence is handled by state prosecutors, proceedings were handed over to a special unit of the Wisconsin Department of Justice in Madison. On March 27, 2015, the state concluded its investigation and gave its findings to Ismael Ozanne, the district attorney of Dane County.^[142] On May 12, 2015, Ozanne determined that the shooting was justified self-defense.^[143]

Madison Fire Department

The Madison Fire Department (MFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city. The MFD operates out of 14 fire stations,^[144] with a fleet of 12 engines, 5 ladders,^[145] 2 rescue squads, 2 hazmat units,^[146] a lake rescue team,^[147] and 8 ambulances.^[148] The MFD also provides mutual aid to surrounding communities.^[149]^[150]^[151]

Crime

In 2008, Men's Health magazine ranked Madison as the "Least Armed and Dangerous" city in the United States in an article about "Where Men Are Targets".^[153] There were 53 homicides reported by Madison Police from 2000 to 2009.^[154] The highest total was 10 in 2008.^[155] Police reported 28 murders from 2010 to 2015, with the highest year being 7 murders in 2011.^[156]^[157]^[158]

Education

According to Forbes magazine, Madison ranks second in the nation in education.^[159]^[160] The Madison Metropolitan School District serves the city while a variety of other districts serve the surrounding area. With an enrollment of approximately 25,000 students in 46 schools, it is the second largest school district in Wisconsin behind the Milwaukee School District.^[161] The five public high schools are James Madison Memorial, Madison West, Madison East, La Follette, and Malcolm Shabazz City High School, an alternative school.

Among private church-related high schools are Abundant Life Christian School, Edgewood High School,^[162] near the Edgewood College campus, and St. Ambrose Academy, a Catholic school offering grades 6 through 12.^[163] Madison Country Day School is a private high school with no religious affiliation.

The city is home to the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Edgewood College and Madison Area Technical College, giving the city a post-secondary student population of nearly 55,000. The University of Wisconsin accounts for the vast majority of students, with an enrollment of roughly 44,000, of whom 31,750 are undergraduates.^[164] In a Forbes magazine city ranking from 2003, Madison had the highest number of Ph.D.s per capita, and third-highest college graduates per capita, among cities in the United States.^[165]

Additional degree programs are available through satellite campuses of Cardinal Stritch University, Concordia University-Wisconsin, Globe University, Lakeland College, the University of Phoenix, and Upper Iowa University. Madison also has a non-credit learning community with multiple programs and many private businesses also offering classes.

Media

Madison is home to an extensive and varied number of print publications, reflecting the city's role as the state capital and its diverse political, cultural and academic population. The Wisconsin State Journal (weekday circulation: ~95,000; Sundays: ~155,000) is published in the mornings, while its sister publication, The Capital Times (Thursday supplement to the Journal) is published online daily, with two printed editions a week. Though jointly operated under the name Capital Newspapers, the Journal is owned by the national chain Lee Enterprises, and the Times is independently owned. Wisconsin State Journal is the descendant of the Wisconsin Express, a paper founded in the Wisconsin Territory in 1839. The Capital Times was founded in 1917 by William T. Evjue, a business manager for the State Journal who disagreed with that paper's editorial criticisms of Wisconsin Republican Senator Robert M. La Follette, Sr. for his opposition to U.S. entry into World War I.

The free weekly alternative newspaper Isthmus (weekly circulation: ~65,000) was founded in Madison in 1976. The Onion, a satirical weekly, was founded in Madison in 1988 and published from there until it moved to New York in 2001. Two student newspapers are published during the academic year, The Daily Cardinal (Mon-Fri circulation: ~10,000) and The Badger Herald (Mon-Fri circulation: ~16,000). Other specialty print publications focus on local music, politics and sports, including The Capital City Hues,^[166]^[167]^[168] The Madison Times,^[167]^[168] Madison Magazine, The Simpson Street Free Press, Umoja Magazine,^[167]^[168]^[169]^[170] and fantasy-sports web site RotoWire.com. Local community blogs include Althouse and dane101.

Madison is associated with "Fighting Bob" La Follette and the Progressive movement. La Follette's magazine, The Progressive, founded in 1909, is still published in Madison. It is a left-wing periodical that may be best known for the attempt of the U.S. government in 1979 to suppress one of its articles before publication. The magazine eventually prevailed in the landmark First Amendment case, United States v. The Progressive, Inc. During the 1970s, there were two radical weeklies published in Madison, known as TakeOver and Free for All, as well as a Madison edition of the Bugle-American underground newspaper.

Radio

Madison has three large media companies that own the majority of the commercial radio stations within the market. These companies consist of iHeartMedia, Entercom Communications, and Mid-West Family Broadcasting as well as other smaller broadcasters. Madison is home to Mid-West Family Broadcasting, which is an independently-owned broadcasting company that originated and is headquartered in Madison. Mid-West Family owns radio stations throughout the state and the Midwest.

Madison hosts two volunteer-operated and community-oriented radio stations, WORT and WSUM. WORT Community Radio (89.9 FM), founded in 1975, is one of the oldest volunteer-powered radio stations in the United States. A listener-sponsored community radio station, WORT offers locally produced diverse music and talk programming. WSUM (91.7 FM) is a free-form student radio station programmed and operated almost entirely by students.

Madison's Wisconsin Public Radio station, WHA, was one of the first radio stations in the nation to begin broadcasting,^[171] and remains the longest continuously broadcasting station in the nation.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Widely heard public radio programs that originate at the WPR studios include Michael Feldman's Whad'Ya Know?, Zorba Pastor On Your Health, To the Best of Our Knowledge and Calling All Pets.

WXJ-87 is the NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards station on Madison's west side, with broadcasts originating from the National Weather Service in Sullivan, Wisconsin.

Madison has six commercial, two public television stations and two religious stations. The commercial stations consist of WISC-TV "News 3 Now" (CBS), WMTV "NBC 15" (NBC), WKOW-TV "27 News" (ABC), WMSN-TV "FOX 47" (Fox), WIFS "Wisconsin's 57" (Ion Life) and WZCK-LD. The religious stations consist of WMWD (Daystar) and W23BW-D (3ABN), Madison has two public television stations: WHA-TV, which is owned by the University of Wisconsin–Extension, airs throughout the state, with the exception of Milwaukee, and Madison City Channel, which is owned and operated by the City of Madison covering city governmental affairs.

Transportation

Madison is served by the Dane County Regional Airport, which serves nearly 1.6 million passengers annually. Most major general aviation operations take place at Morey Field in Middleton {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from Madison's city center. Madison Metro operates bus routes throughout the city and to some neighboring suburbs.^[172] Madison has four taxicab companies (Union, Badger, Madison, and Green), and several companies provide specialized transit for individuals with disabilities. Several carsharing services are also available in Madison, including Community Car, a locally owned company, and U-Haul subsidiary Uhaul Car Share.

Starting from the last decades of the 20th century, Madison has been among the leading cities for bicycling as a form of transportation, with about 3% of working residents pedaling on their journey to work.^[173] The share of Madison workers who bicycled to work increased to 5.3% by 2014.^[174] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 65.7% of working Madison residents commuted by driving alone, 6.7% carpooled, 8.6% used public transportation, and 8.5% walked. About 6% used all other forms of transportation, including bicycles, motorcycles, and taxis. About 4.5% worked at home.^[175]

In 2015, 11.2% of Madison households were without a car, which was unchanged in 2016. The national average was 8.7% in 2016. Madison averaged 1.5 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.^[176]

Railways

Passenger train service between Madison and Chicago, on the Sioux and the Varsity, provided by the Milwaukee Road, ended in 1971 with Amtrak absorbing passenger train services. Prior to 1960, the Milwaukee Road's Sioux train offered service west to Rapid City, South Dakota. The train continued to a cut-back Chicago-Janesville-Madison run until its April 30, 1971 termination.^[177]Until the 1960s the Chicago and North Western Railway operated passenger trains through the city.^[178] A high-speed rail route from Chicago through Milwaukee and Madison to Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, was proposed as part of the Midwest Regional Rail Initiative. Funding for the railway connecting Madison to Milwaukee was approved in January 2010, but Governor-elect Scott Walker's opposition to the project led the Federal Railroad Administration to retract the $810 million in funding and reallocate it to other projects.^[179] The nearest passenger train station is in Columbus, Wisconsin, {{convert|28|mi|km}} away to the northeast. There, the eastbound Empire Builder provides daily service to Milwaukee and Chicago, and the westbound Empire Builder provides daily service to Portland, Oregon and Seattle, Washington.

Railroad freight services are provided to Madison by Wisconsin and Southern Railroad (WSOR) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CP). Wisconsin & Southern has been operating since 1980, having taken over trackage owned since the 19th century by the Chicago and North Western and the Milwaukee Road.

Buses

In addition to public transportation, regional buses connect Madison to Milwaukee, Chicago, Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and many other communities. Badger Bus,^[180] which connects Madison and Milwaukee, runs several trips daily. Greyhound Lines, a nationwide bus company, serves Madison on its Chicago, Milwaukee, and Minneapolis–Saint Paul route. Van Galder Bus Company, a subsidiary of Coach USA, provides transportation through Rockford to Chicago—stopping at Union Station, O'Hare Airport, and Midway Airport. Jefferson Lines provides transportation to Minneapolis–Saint Paul via La Crosse. Megabus provides limited-stop service to Chicago and Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Lamers Bus Lines has once daily trips from Madison to Wausau, Dubuque, and Green Bay.

Highways

Interstates I-39 and I-90 run along the east side of the city, connecting the city to Chicago, Janesville, Rockford, La Crosse and Wausau. I-39 and I-90 intersect with Interstate 94 in Madison, connecting the city to Milwaukee and Minneapolis–Saint Paul. Interstates 90 and 39 are currently being expanded to six lanes from the state line to Madison and eight lanes in Janesville.

U.S. Route 151 runs through downtown and serves as the main thoroughfare through the northeast and south-central parts of the city, connecting Madison with Dubuque, Iowa, as well as the Wisconsin cities of Fond du Lac and Manitowoc. The West Beltline Highway, frequently referred to by locals as the Beltline, is a six-to-eight-lane freeway serving the south and west sides of Madison and is the main link from downtown to the southeast and western suburbs. U.S. Routes US-14, US-18, and US-51 also run through the city.

Notable Madisonians

Sister cities

See also

Notes

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=2017 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2017_Gazetteer/2017_gaz_place_55.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Mar 28, 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Population Estimates|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045217/5548000|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2018-06-21}}
3. ^{{cite web |title=Protests & Social Action at UW-Madison during the 20th Century |url=https://www.library.wisc.edu/archives/exhibits/campus-history-projects/protests-social-action-at-uw-madison-during-the-20th-century/ |website=UW Archives and Records Management |accessdate=26 January 2019 |date=23 June 2015}}
4. ^{{cite news |title=The Long-Term Effect Of Wisconsin's Union Battles |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/01/134159817/the-long-term-effect-of-wisconsins-union-battles |accessdate=26 January 2019 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}
5. ^{{cite news |last1=Meyerhofer |first1=Kelly |title=Dane, Milwaukee counties fueled Democratic wins; college students also helped |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/dane-milwaukee-counties-fueled-democratic-wins-college-students-also-helped/article_ad003ddb-79b2-53b3-a30e-60f7f2d595e5.html |accessdate=26 January 2019 |work=madison.com |language=en}}
6. ^{{cite news |title=Wisconsin gains national attention as start-up technology hub |url=https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/2017/04/08/wisconsin-gains-national-attention-start-up-technology-hub/99997634/ |accessdate=26 January 2019 |work=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |language=en}}
7. ^{{cite news |title=Googling Madison: Software engineers boost tech giant |url=https://news.wisc.edu/googling-madison-software-engineers-boost-tech-giant/ |accessdate=26 January 2019 |work=news.wisc.edu}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=About - University Research Park Madison |url=https://universityresearchpark.org/about/ |accessdate=26 January 2019}}
9. ^{{cite web |last1=Petrovic |first1=Pheobe |title=Madison Ranks High Globally For Startup Cities |url=https://www.wpr.org/madison-ranks-high-globally-startup-cities |website=Wisconsin Public Radio |publisher=Wisconsin Public Radio |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://morgridge.wiscweb.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/02/History_of_Madison.pdf|title=A History of Madison|last=|first=|date=|website=morgridge.wiscweb.wisc.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-20}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2904|title=Life in Early Madison|date=2012-06-27|website=Wisconsin Historical Society|access-date=2018-12-20}}
12. ^Mollenhoff, David V. (2003) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwrIKM0rBd4C&q=buffalo+robes&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q=buffalo+robes&f=false Madison, a History of the Formative Years] Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. {{ISBN|0-299-19980-0}}. Page 26.
13. ^Historic Madison, Inc., Madison's Past – Early History
14. ^[https://www.wicourts.gov/courts/supreme/hearingroom.htm Supreme Court, History: The Supreme Court Hearing Room] Wisconsin Court System.
15. ^{{cite web |title=Madison, Wisconsin - A Brief History |url=https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2401 |website=wisconsinhistory.org |publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society |accessdate=January 9, 2019}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=Reports of cases argued and determined in the Supreme Court of the State of Wisconsin|volume=6 |publisher=E.E. Hale & Co. |location=Beloit|year=1858 |page=215 |chapter=Vilas vs. Reynolds|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf4aAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA215 |accessdate=2011-07-24}}
17. ^Madison, Dane County and Surrounding Towns, Madison: Wm. J. Park, 1877, pp. 543–558.
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_capitol_tour.html |title=Wisconsin State Capitol Tour |publisher=State of Wisconsin |accessdate=2007-05-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527102024/http://www.wisconsin.gov/state/core/wisconsin_state_capitol_tour.html |archivedate=May 27, 2007 |df= }}
19. ^{{cite news | url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/52754/The-War-at-Home/overview | title=The War at Home (1979) Review Summary | publisher=New York Times | accessdate=July 10, 2012}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/us/17wisconsin.html|title=Angry Demonstrations in Wisconsin as Cuts Loom|date=February 17, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=December 8, 2016|last1=Davey|first1=Monica|last2=Greenhouse|first2=Steven}}
21. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-wisconsin-protests-idUSTRE72B2AN20110313|title=Up to 100,000 protest Wisconsin law curbing unions|date=2011-03-13|work=Reuters|access-date=2018-12-14|language=en}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2012-11-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/699nOulzi?url=http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archivedate=July 14, 2012 |df= }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/dictionary/index.asp?action=view&term_id=9293&term_type_id=2&term_type_text=Places&letter=F|title=Dictionary of Wisconsin History: Four Lakes|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/residents/Community/index.cfm|title=City of Madison Website, Communities and Neighborhoods}}
25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/steven_elbow/madison-s-williamson-marquette-neighborhood-named-one-of-nation-s/article_0175770c-9f42-532c-b9d2-9fac08f86d1b.html|title=Madison's Williamson-Marquette neighborhood named one of nation's top 10|last=Times|first=Steven Elbow {{!}} The Capital|work=madison.com|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en}}
26. ^{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Barry |title=University Hill Farms neighborhood features long-time residents, newcomers and development |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/neighborhoods/university-hill-farms-neighborhood-features-long-time-residents-newcomers-and/article_d5750023-42ab-5c82-86e5-28420a54158b.html |website=Madison.com |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=Welcome to Capitol Neighborhoods |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/14.html |website=City of Madison |publisher=City of Madison |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
28. ^{{cite web |last1=Armitage |first1=Lynn |title=Capitol Neighborhoods: The heart of the city |url=https://www.channel3000.com/madison-magazine/city-life/capitol-neighborhoods-the-heart-of-the-city/456666567 |website=Channel3000 |publisher=Madison Magazine |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web |last1=Rath |first1=Jay |title=Welcome to Madison's Park Street: Its checkered past gives way to a bright future |url=https://isthmus.com/archive/scenes/welcome-to-madisons-park-street-its-checkered-past-gives-way-to-a-bright-future/ |website=Isthmus |publisher=Isthmus |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Dudgeon-Monroe Neighborhood |url=https://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/19.html |website=City of Madison |publisher=City of Madison |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
31. ^{{cite web |title=Welcome to Marquette Neighborhood Association |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/neighborhoods/profile/49.html |website=City of Madison |publisher=City of Madison |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
32. ^{{cite web |last1=Adams |first1=Barry |title=Iconic Madison neighborhoods Willy Street, Monroe Street celebrate 40th year events |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/iconic-madison-neighborhoods-willy-street-monroe-street-celebrate-th-year/article_dfd89f86-4389-5283-8501-70b62add72dc.html |website=Madison.com |publisher=Wisconsin State Journal |accessdate=26 March 2019}}
33. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.legis.state.wi.us/acts89-93/89Act222.pdf#search=%22site%3Awi.us%2016.842%22 |title=1989 Wisconsin Act 222 | publisher = State of Wisconsin | date = April 12, 1990 | accessdate=2006-10-03}}
34. ^"Behold ... The Genius Of Claude And Starck {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929164757/http://www.madisonmagazine.com/article.php?story_id=152147&xstate=view_story |date=September 29, 2008 |publisher=Madison Magazine}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/writers/mike_ivey/by-any-measure-madison-is-getting-taller/article_9b9d7f92-e2bf-11e3-b111-001a4bcf887a.html|title=By any measure, Madison is getting taller|work=madison.com}}
36. ^¹{{cite web |url = http://www.nws.noaa.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=mkx |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate = 2018-03-09}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USW00014837.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: WI MADISON DANE RGNL AP |accessdate=2018-03-09}}
38. ^{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP4/72641.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for MADISON/DANE CO REGIONAL ARPT, WI 1961–1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 2014-03-10}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/MSN:9|title=Monthly Averages for Madison, WI – Temperature and Precipitation|publisher=The Weather Channel|access-date=May 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111202230/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/MSN:9|archive-date=January 11, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
40. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=March 24, 2018}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|author=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=August 22, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df= }}
42. ^¹{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2012-11-18}}
43. ^U.S. Office of Management and Budget, [https://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List4.txt Metropolitan Statistical Areas and Components] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526063716/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List4.txt |date=May 26, 2007 }}, 2007-05-11. Accessed 2008-08-01.
44. ^U.S. Office of Management and Budget, [https://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List5.txt Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Components] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629011245/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List5.txt |date=June 29, 2007 }}, 2007-05-11. Accessed 2008-08-01.
45. ^U.S. Office of Management and Budget, [https://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List6.txt Combined Statistical Areas and Component Core Based Statistical Areas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629011223/http://www.census.gov/population/www/estimates/metro_general/2006/List6.txt |date=June 29, 2007 }}, 2007-05-11. Accessed 2008-08-01.
46. ^United States Census Bureau. [https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/GCTPEPANNR.US24PR Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico: 2016 Population Estimates].
47. ^United States Census Bureau. [https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2016/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016 - United States -- Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico: 2016 Population Estimates].
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.madisondiocese.org |title=Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison home page |publisher=Madisondiocese.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122064200/http://www.madisondiocese.org/ |archivedate=November 22, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/new-life-for-st-raphael-cathedral-site/article_8c813db0-de5b-11e1-8c3b-0019bb2963f4.html|title=New life for St. Raphael Cathedral site|work=madison.com}}
50. ^{{cite web|last=Walton|first=Christopher|title=What size are Unitarian Universalist congregations?|url=http://uuworld.org/ideas/articles/188538.shtml|publisher=uuworld.org|accessdate=January 6, 2013|date=2012-01-09}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=https://fusmadison.org/welcome/meeting-house/tours/ |title=Tours |publisher=First Unitarian Meeting Society}}
52. ^city-data.com
53. ^[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/1/Rank_2.html "Best Places for Business] Forbes, May 22, 2006.
54. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mhj45effk/3-madison-wis/#4d68c8c33406|title=Madison, Wis. - pg.14|last=Brennan|first=Morgan|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-28}}
55. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/gggj45mlj/no-17-madison-wisconsin/#2e2988018a60|title=No. 17 Madison, Wisconsin - pg.17|last=Altman|first=Ian|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-28}}
56. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/emeg45lfld/5-madison-wisc/#65e8d3df1e3e|title=Madison, Wisc. - pg.6|last=Carlyle|first=Erin|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-28}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/fgmi45ehgfi/no-1-madison-wisc/#3ebbab8d4d1c|title=No. 1: Madison, Wisc. - pg.2|last=Avenue|first=Next|website=Forbes|access-date=2018-02-28}}
58. ^{{cite news| url= https://www.forbes.com/2009/01/05/cities-jobs-employment-leadership-careers-cx_tw_0105cities_slide_2.html |title= No. 1: Madison, Wis. |work=10 Cities Where They're Hiring| publisher= Forbes | date=January 5, 2009| accessdate=2011-07-24 | first=Tara | last=Weiss}}
59. ^{{cite web|author=Steven R. Williams, Webmaster |url=http://www.wseu-24.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19981201053847/http://www.wseu-24.org/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1998-12-01 |title=Wisconsin State Employees Union website |publisher=Wseu-24.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 }}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/directory/glance_6450820.htm|title=Best Hospitals 2006: University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison|publisher=U. S. News and World Reports|year=2006|accessdate=2006-09-12|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114125414/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/health/best-hospitals/directory/glance_6450820.htm|archivedate=January 14, 2006|df=mdy-all}}
61. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stmarysmadison.com |title=St. Mary's Hospital |publisher=Stmarysmadison.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
62. ^Plas, Joe Vanden. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213201014/http://wtnnews.com/articles/4715/ Google joins Microsoft in opening Madison office], WTN News, April 2008
63. ^{{cite web |last1=Newman |first1=Judy |title=Wisconsin's biohealth industry is healthy and growing, a report shows |url=https://madison.com/wsj/business/technology/biotech/wisconsin-s-biohealth-industry-is-healthy-and-growing-a-report/article_d7080ae6-8c8e-51a6-8639-eb0396d6a616.html |website=Madison.com |publisher=wisconsin state journal |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
64. ^{{cite web |url=https://biopharmguy.com/links/state-wi-all-geo.php |website=biopharmguy |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/health/478731/at_covance_people_volunteer_for_cash_causes/|title=At Covance, People Volunteer for Cash, Causes|last=Newman|first=Judy|date=April 22, 2006|work=The Wisconsin State Journal|accessdate=February 10, 2011}}
66. ^Guy Boulton. "[https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/business/2017/10/06/epic-systems-effect-thesupporters-state-incentives-foxconn-can-only-hope-investment-someday-rivals-e/696053001/ As Epic Systems has soared, Madison has become a center for health information technology]". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, October 6, 2017.
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rockyrococo.com/rockys-roots.aspx |title=Our Story, Rocky's Roots |publisher=Rockyrococo.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115105824/http://www.rockyrococo.com/rockys-roots.aspx |archivedate=November 15, 2011 |df= }}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.glassnickelpizza.com/About-Us/about-us.html |title=About Us | About Us |publisher=Glassnickelpizza.com |date=November 5, 1997 |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123162731/http://www.glassnickelpizza.com/About-Us/about-us.html |archivedate=November 23, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
69. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6373002_ITM | work=Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News | title=Madison, Wis., No. 1 Place to Live in U.S., Money Magazine Says.(Originated from The Wisconsin State Journal) | date=June 13, 1996}}
70. ^{{cite web |last1=Adwar |first1=Corey |title=Why Madison is the Best Place to Live |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-madison-wisconsin-is-the-best-place-to-live-2014-9 |website=Business Insider |publisher=Business Insider |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
71. ^{{cite web|last=Greenberg|first=Peter|title=Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns|url=http://www.newsmax.com/Slideshows/Newsmax-Magazine-Rates-the-Top-25-Most-Uniquely-Am/97791/2--Madison,-Wis-/3|publisher=Newsmax|accessdate=January 13, 2014}}
72. ^{{cite web |last1=Rupersburg |first1=Nicole |title=Forget New York: Why Madison, Wis. is a Foodie Paradie |url=https://www.foxnews.com/food-drink/forget-new-york-why-madison-wis-is-a-top-foodie-paradise |website=Fox News |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
73. ^{{cite web |last1=Allman-Baldwin |first1=Lysa |title=Madison, Wisconsin - A Delicious Destination |url=http://travelsquire.com/madison-wisconsin-a-delicious-destination/ |website=Travelsquire |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
74. ^{{cite web |title=About the Market |publisher=Dane County Farmers' Market |url=http://dcfm.org/about-the-market/ |accessdate=2016-12-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212115437/http://dcfm.org/about-the-market/ |archivedate=December 12, 2016 |df=mdy-all }}
75. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dcfm.org/markets/wednesday-market|title=Wednesday Market|last=Market|first=Dane County Farmers’|website=Dane County Farmers’ Market|access-date=2018-12-21}}
76. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dcfm.org/markets/holiday-market|title=Holiday Market|last=Market|first=Dane County Farmers’|website=Dane County Farmers’ Market|access-date=2018-12-21}}
77. ^{{Cite web|url=https://dcfm.org/markets/late-winter-market|title=Late Winter Market|last=Market|first=Dane County Farmers’|website=Dane County Farmers’ Market|access-date=2018-12-21}}
78. ^https://www.channel3000.com/madison-magazine/city-life/9-fabulous-fish-fries-in-the-madison-area/161936741
79. ^{{Cite news|url=https://greattaste.org/faq/|title=FAQ|work=Great Taste of the Midwest|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en-US}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://mhtg.org |title=Madison Home Brewers and Tasters Guild |publisher=Mhtg.org |date=November 5, 2011 |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
81. ^{{cite web |url=http://hoofersailing.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=1&id=21&Itemid=23 |title=Hoofer Sailing – Snow Kiting |publisher=Hoofersailing.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818005622/http://hoofersailing.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=1&id=21&Itemid=23 |archivedate=August 18, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/wsj/lifestyles/recreation/madison-one-of-platinum-level-bicycle-friendly-communities/article_bdc92f63-e113-5b98-8391-3450d62e778a.html|title=Madison one of 5 platinum-level Bicycle Friendly Communities|first=David Wahlberg | Wisconsin State|last=Journal|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
83. ^{{cite web |last1=Fisher |first1=Lucas |title=NIGHTLIFE AT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON |url=http://www.gobeyondthebrochure.com/nightlife-at-university-of-wisconsin-madison/ |website=Go beyond the brochure |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
84. ^{{cite web |last1=Davidoff |first1=Judith |title=When the Clock Strikes 4 |url=https://isthmus.com/food-drink/drinks/happy-hour-discount-food-booze/ |website=Isthmus |publisher=isthmus |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
85. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.madison.com/wsj/mad/top/index.php?ntid=91722&ntpid=1b |title=Madison WI news sports entertainment |publisher=Madison.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007090652/http://www.madison.com/wsj/mad/top/index.php?ntid=91722&ntpid=1b |archive-date=October 7, 2008 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailycardinal.com/article/20818 |title=University of Wisconsin-Madison |publisher=The Daily Cardinal |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
87. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zvents.com/z/madison-wi/music |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225202932/http://www.zvents.com/z/madison-wi/music |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-02-25 |title=Madison Music Events, Shows & Things To Do |publisher=Zvents |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 }}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.high-noon.com/ |title=Live Music Venue Madison WI – High Noon Saloon |publisher=High-noon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wcoconcerts.com/ |title=Wisconsin Chamber Orchestra |publisher=Wcoconcerts.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.scienceofsound.com/|title=Science of Sound – Independent Record Label – Madison Wisconsin|work=scienceofsound.com|access-date=February 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127135613/http://www.scienceofsound.com/|archive-date=January 27, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.kindturkeyrecords.com/about1/ |title=Kind Turkey Records |publisher=Kind Turkey Records |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234339/http://www.kindturkeyrecords.com/about1/ |archive-date=November 21, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
92. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.themadmusicarchive.com/artist_details.aspx?ArtistID=2883 |title=The Gomers |publisher=Themadmusicarchive.com |date=December 1, 1986 |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204001940/http://themadmusicarchive.com/artist_details.aspx?ArtistID=2883 |archivedate=February 4, 2010 |df= }}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.high-noon.com |title=High Noon Saloon |publisher=High-noon.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
94. ^SCENE: CD Reviews {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123033447/http://scenenewspaper.com/cdreviews.html |date=November 23, 2008}}
95. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.beeftone.com/gomers-press.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051228091227/http://beeftone.com/gomers-press.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2005-12-28 |title=Gomers e-Presskit |publisher=Beeftone.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 }}
96. ^Wisconsin Foundation for School Music : 2004 Lifetime Achievement Award {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930010448/http://www.wsmamusic.org/foundation/news/achievement_award.html |date=September 30, 2007 }}
97. ^{{cite web |title=Garbage |publisher=Last.fm |url=http://www.last.fm/music/Garbage |accessdate=2016-12-08}}
98. ^ , website.
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.revelryfest.com/ticketing|title=revelryfest|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326061431/http://www.revelryfest.com/ticketing|archivedate=March 26, 2015|df=mdy-all}}
100. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/ |title=Wisconsin Historical Museum |publisher=Wisconsinhistory.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
101. ^{{cite web|url=http://museum.dva.state.wi.us/ |title=Wisconsin Veterans Museum |publisher=Museum.dva.state.wi.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
102. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.madisonchildrensmuseum.com/index.php |title=Madison Children's Museum |publisher=Madisonchildrensmuseum.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
103. ^Directors Guild of America, Visual History Resources. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
104. ^{{cite book |title=Surrounded by Reality |last=Moe |first=Doug |year=2005 |publisher=Jones Books |location=Madison |isbn=978-0-9763539-3-5 |page=xiii }}
105. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibmadison.com/In-Business-Madison/July-2013/Madison-to-stay-real-City-Council-rejects-Soglins-proposed-slogan/|title=Madison to stay real: City Council rejects Soglin's proposed slogan|work=ibmadison.com}}
106. ^{{cite web| title=Fair Wisconsin News Release | url=http://www.fairwisconsin.com | accessdate=2007-04-14}}
107. ^{{cite news| title=Key Ballot Measures | publisher=CNN.com | url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/ballot.measures/ | accessdate=2007-04-16}}
108. ^Greater Madison Convention and Visitors Bureau."Madison Ranked Among Nation's Best Gay-Friendly Places to Call Home" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307001104/http://www.visitmadison.com/newsmedia/press_releases-release.php?id=111 |date=March 7, 2008 }}. December 12, 2005.
109. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gaydemographics.org/USA/states/wisconsin/2000Census_state_wi_general.htm#Zip |title=Gay Demographics 2000 Census |publisher=Gaydemographics.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162704/http://www.gaydemographics.org/USA/states/wisconsin/2000Census_state_wi_general.htm#Zip |archivedate=September 27, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}
110. ^Rhythm and Booms press release {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917193004/http://www.rhythmandbooms.com/about/index.php?category_id=696 |date=September 17, 2009}}
111. ^{{Cite web|title = New fireworks show to replace Rhythm and Booms|url = http://www.channel3000.com/news/report-new-fireworks-show-to-replace-rhythm-and-booms/32148558|accessdate = 2015-09-23|first = Channel|last = 3000|date = 2015-04-02}}
112. ^{{Cite web|title = Rhythm & Booms replaced with Shake the Lake in downtown Madison|url = http://www.wkow.com/story/28704047/2015/04/02/rhythm-booms-replaced-with-shake-the-lake-in-downtown-madison|accessdate = 2015-09-23|first = Gordon|last = Severson|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052333/http://www.wkow.com/story/28704047/2015/04/02/rhythm-booms-replaced-with-shake-the-lake-in-downtown-madison|archive-date = March 4, 2016|dead-url = yes|df = mdy-all}}
113. ^{{Cite web|title = Wisconsin Film Festival {{!}} Madison|url = http://www.wifilmfest.org|website = www.wifilmfest.org|accessdate = 2015-10-28}}
114. ^{{Cite web|title = Home {{!}} Arts Institute|url = https://artsinstitute.wisc.edu|website = artsinstitute.wisc.edu|accessdate = 2015-10-28}}
115. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.channel3000.com/news/20678416/detail.html |title=Council Makes Plastic Flamingo Madison's Official Bird |date=September 2, 2009 |publisher=WISC-TV |accessdate=2009-09-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903083954/http://www.channel3000.com/news/20678416/detail.html |archivedate=September 3, 2009 |df= }}
116. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/travel/midwest/1229514,TRA-News-illini19.article | work=Chicago Sun-Times | title=Mad City offers more than football | first=Brian E. | last=Clark | date=October 19, 2008 | access-date=January 25, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125134933/http://www.suntimes.com/lifestyles/travel/midwest/1229514,TRA-News-illini19.article | archive-date=November 25, 2008 | dead-url=yes | df=mdy-all }}
117. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/05/sports/college-basketball-93-94-mad-mad-mad-city-wisconsin-is-reborn.html?pagewanted=1 | work=The New York Times | title=COLLEGE BASKETBALL '93–'94; Mad, Mad, Mad City: Wisconsin Is Reborn | date=December 5, 1993 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}
118. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Jy8gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_hIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3044,433017&dq=madtown+madison+wisconsin&hl=en|title=The Milwaukee Sentinel – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}
119. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=2EscAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_i0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=2037,2769475&dq=madtown+madison+wisconsin&hl=en|title=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}
120. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wkowtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=11826746 |title=Madison named one of the most gay-friendly cities in America – WKOW 27: Madison, WI Breaking News, Weather and Sports |publisher=Wkowtv.com |date=January 14, 2010 |accessdate=2011-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119210647/http://www.wkowtv.com/Global/story.asp?S=11826746 |archive-date=January 19, 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
121. ^{{cite news|last1=Mosiman|first1=Dean|title=Mayor proposes city motto: '77 Square Miles Surrounded by Reality'|url=http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/mayor-proposes-city-motto-square-miles-surrounded-by-reality/article_b47d7157-1f82-50bd-a18f-babcc4271b9f.html|accessdate=February 22, 2017|work=Wisconsin State Journal|date=July 12, 2013}}
122. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ySwaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8SQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2688,177953&dq=madison+four-lakes-city&hl=en|title=The Milwaukee Journal – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}
123. ^"[https://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2012/06/partisan-rancour-and-public-universities Polarisation in the People's Republic of Madison]". The Economist, June 5, 2012. Accessed November 5, 2016.
124. ^{{cite news| url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2003/sioncampus/09/10/top_ten0916/index.html | work=CNN | accessdate=2010-05-12 | title=Best College Sports Towns}}
125. ^ {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930021326/http://espn-mp3-od.andomedia.com/espnpod2/espnradio/insider/patrick/patrick_07122007_1.mp3|date=September 30, 2007}}
126. ^Princeton-56ers {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023102313/http://madison56ers.org/PSC56/ |date=October 23, 2008}}
127. ^{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174609/http://www.mufa.org/mufa/about/ |archivedate= October 26, 2016 |url= http://www.mufa.org/mufa/about/ |title= About MUFA |publisher= The Madison Ultimate Frisbee Association }}
128. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/city-life/radical-dude-pro-ultimate-frisbee-team-debuts-in-madison/article_4ec88068-8d1a-5d06-8b01-091c18f0dc58.html|title=Radical, dude: Pro ultimate Frisbee team debuts in Madison|author=Rob Thomas|work=madison.com}}
129. ^{{cite web|url=http://ironmanwisconsin.com/|title=IRONMAN Wisconsin|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
130. ^{{cite web|url=http://madisoncurlingclub.com/|title=Madison Curling Club|work=madisoncurlingclub.com}}
131. ^{{cite web|url=http://madisoncurlingclub.com/2014/04/2014-womens-national-champs/ |title=Page not found – Madison Curling Club |publisher= |accessdate=December 8, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727050650/http://madisoncurlingclub.com/2014/04/2014-womens-national-champs/ |archivedate=July 27, 2014 |df= }}
132. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.madisonrollerderby.org/ |title=Madison Roller Derby |publisher=madisonrollerderby.org |date= |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
133. ^{{cite web|url=http://games.crossfit.com/video/games-move-madison|title=Games Move to Madison|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
134. ^{{cite web |title=Parkscore |url=http://parkscore.tpl.org/city.php?city=Madison#sm.00006e2grzgvjdymt7y2llnzwr8pk |website=Trust for Public Land |publisher=Trust for Public Land}}
135. ^{{cite web |last1=adwar |first1=Corey |title=7 Reasons Why Madison, Wisconsin Is The Best Place To Live In America |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-madison-wisconsin-is-the-best-place-to-live-2014-9 |website=Business Insider |publisher=Business Insider |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
136. ^{{cite web |title=Opera in the Park |url=https://www.madisonopera.org/2018-2019-season/oitp/ |website=Madison Opera |accessdate=25 March 2019}}
137. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cityofmadison.com/police/chief/bio.cfm|title=Chief Koval's Bio – Chief's Office – Madison Police Department – City of Madison, Wisconsin|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/chief/blog/?Id=7844|title=Blog – Chief's Office – Madison Police Department – City of Madison, Wisconsin|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/crime_and_courts/madison-rally-calls-for-independent-review-of-fatal-police-shooting/article_0acaf784-5d8b-11e2-b307-001a4bcf887a.html|title=Madison rally calls for independent review of fatal police shooting|work=madison.com}}
140. ^WisconsinWatch.org. "Police account of shooting disputed"
141. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2013/proposals/ab409|title=2013 Assembly Bill 409|work=wisconsin.gov}}
142. ^{{cite web|url=http://host.madison.com/news/local/crime_and_courts/tony-robinson-shooting-investigation-will-be-turned-over-to-district/article_712cb93e-28d9-5211-a0e2-b5cc3a63e9ab.html|title=Tony Robinson shooting investigation will be turned over to district attorney on Friday|author=Nico Savidge – Wisconsin State Journal|work=madison.com}}
143. ^{{cite news |last=Berman |first=Mark |title=Madison police officer won't be charged for shooting Tony Robinson |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/05/12/prosecutor-to-announce-whether-madison-police-officer-will-face-charges-for-shooting-tony-robinson/ |accessdate=May 12, 2015 |work=The Washington Post |date=May 12, 2015}}
144. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/stations |title= Fire Suppression |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016 |quote= Madison has thirteen (13) fire stations serving the city.}}
145. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/stations/special-teams/what-we-do |title= What we do |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
146. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/stations/special-teams/hazardous-incident-team |title= Hazardous Incident Team |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
147. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/stations/special-teams/lake-rescue-team |title= Lake Rescue Team |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
148. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/emergency-medical-services|title= EMS |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |quote= Each day, eight medics (or ambulances) are in service, each staffed by two paramedics.}}
149. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/about/command-staff |title= Organization |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work= cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161222183302/https://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/about/command-staff |archive-date= December 22, 2016 |dead-url= yes |df= mdy-all }}
150. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/about/annual-reports |title= Annual Reports |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
151. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/fire/about/history |title= History |publisher= Fire Department |location= Madison, Wisconsin |work=cityofmadison.com |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
152. ^¹²³{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/documents/annualReport2006.pdf |title= Annual Report |publisher= Madison Police |date= 2006 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
153. ^{{cite magazine |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AcgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102 |title= Where Men Are Targets |first= Denny |last= Watkins |magazine= Men's Health |issue= June 2008 |page= 102 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
154. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/documents/annualReport2009.pdf |title= Annual Report |publisher= Madison Police |date= 2009 |quote= Page 17 lists violent crime totals for 2000 to 2009 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
155. ^{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100131024906/http://cityofmadison.com/police/crimestats/documents/homArrests2008.pdf |archivedate= January 31, 2010 |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/crimestats/documents/homArrests2008.pdf |title= Homicides 2008 |publisher= City of Madison |date= January 31, 2010 }}
156. ^¹²{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/documents/annualReport2011.pdf |title= Annual Report |publisher= Madison Police |date= 2011 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
157. ^¹²{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/documents/annualReport2013.pdf |title= Annual Report |publisher= Madison Police |date= 2013 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
158. ^¹²{{cite web |url= http://www.cityofmadison.com/police/documents/annualReport2015.pdf |title= Annual Report |publisher= Madison Police |date= 2015 |accessdate= December 18, 2016}}
159. ^[https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/12/best-places-for-education-oped-cx_dsa_1212educate.html "Where To Educate Your Children"] Forbes, December 12, 2007.
160. ^[https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/12/best-places-for-education-oped-cx_apa_1212educate_slide.html "In Pictures: Top 20 Places To Educate Your Child"] Forbes, December 12, 2007.
161. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.madison.k12.wi.us/ |title=Madison Metropolitan School District |publisher=Madison.k12.wi.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.edgewood.k12.wi.us/ |title=Edgewood High School |publisher=Edgewood.k12.wi.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021195637/http://edgewood.k12.wi.us/ |archivedate=October 21, 2011 |df= }}
163. ^Faith Haven {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929181721/http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=%2Ftct%2F2006%2F10%2F13%2F0610130283.php |date=September 29, 2008 }}, Madison, Wis. Capital Times, October 13, 2006.
164. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2009/94/colleges-09_University-of-Wisconsin-Madison_94518.html | work=Forbes | title=#415 University of Wisconsin, Madison | date=August 5, 2009}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weac.org/GreatSchools/Economy/2003-04/Still-5-17-04.htm|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603132937/http://www.weac.org/GreatSchools/Economy/2003-04/Still-5-17-04.htm|archivedate=June 3, 2004|title=Forbes rating is more than kudos for Madison; it's a reflection on Wisconsin and the Midwest|publisher=Wisconsin Education Association Council|date=May 17, 2004}}
166. ^The Capital City Hues
167. ^¹²Madison Public Library. News and Media
168. ^¹²Jordan S. Gaines. "Madison 365 news site will give voice to communities of color". The Capital Times, July 20, 2015.
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.umojamagazine.com/|title=Umoja Magazine|publisher=|accessdate=December 8, 2016}}
170. ^Robyn Norton. "On View | A Mirror Image: The Village Reflects on Itself". Wisconsin State Journal, June 14, 2015. "UMOJA Magazine celebrates 25 years"
171. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.portalwisconsin.org/archives/9xm.cfm|title=PortalWisconsin.org}}
172. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.madison.wi.us/metro/ |title=Metro Transit System |publisher=Ci.madison.wi.us |date= |accessdate=2011-11-14}}
173. ^{{cite web|publisher=Minnesota Department of Transportation|accessdate=May 7, 2018|title=The Impact of Bicycling Facilities on Commute Mode Share|author=Douma, Frank and Fay Cleaveland|year=2008|url=https://www.lrrb.org/pdf/200833.pdf}}
174. ^{{cite web|accessdate=May 7, 2018|publisher=The League of american Bicyclists|title=WHERE WE RIDE: Analysis of bicyclecommuting in American cities|url=http://bikeleague.org/sites/default/files/Where_We_Ride_2014_data_web.pdf#12}}
175. ^{{cite web|publisher=Census Reporter|title=Means of Transportation to Work by Age|accessdate=May 7, 2018|url=https://censusreporter.org/data/table/?table=B08101&geo_ids=16000US5548000&primary_geo_id=16000US5548000}}
176. ^{{Cite journal|title=Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map|journal=Governing|url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/car-ownership-numbers-of-vehicles-by-city-map.html|accessdate=May 7, 2018}}
177. ^American Rails, Sioux, https://www.american-rails.com/sioux.html
178. ^American Rails, Chicago and Northwestern Railway https://www.american-rails.com/chicago-and-north-western.html
179. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dot.gov/affairs/2010/dot20810.html |title=Statement From The U.S. Department Of Transportation |publisher=Dot.gov |date=December 9, 2010 |accessdate=2011-11-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211181716/http://www.dot.gov/affairs/2010/dot20810.html |archivedate=December 11, 2010 |df= }}
180. ^{{cite web|title=Badger Bus Schedule|url=http://www.wanderu.com/bus-travel-review/badger-bus-schedule/|website=wanderu.com}}
181. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web |title=Sister Cities |url=https://www.cityofmadison.com/sister-cities |website=City of Madison |publisher=City of Madison |accessdate=3 March 2019}}