| 词条 | Pumpherston retort |
| 释义 |
| name = Pumpherston retort | image = | caption = | type = chemical | sector = oil shale industry | technologies = | feedstock = oil shale | product = shale oil, oil shale gas, ammonia | companies = Pumpherston Oil Company | facility = | inventor = William Fraser, James Bryson, James Jones | year = 1894 | developer = }} The Pumpherston retort (also known as the Bryson retort) was a type of oil-shale retort used in Scotland at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century. It marked separation of the oil-shale industry from the coal industry as it was designed specifically for oil-shale retorting.[1] The retort is named after Pumpherston town in Scotland, which was one of the major Scottish oil shale areas. The retort was commercialized by Pumpherston Oil Company. HistoryThe Pumpherston retort was invented and patented in 1894 by William Fraser, James Bryson, and James Jones of Pumpherston Oil Company.[2] By 1910, 1,528 Pumpherston retorts were used in Scotland.[1] In addition, the retort was used in Spain and Australia.[3] DesignThe Pumpherston retort was a {{convert|35|ft}} high cylindrical vessel containing two main sections.[4] The upper section was made of iron and the lower section was made of fire bricks. The raw oil shale was fed on the top of retort. Shale oil and oil shale gas were distilled at the upper section at the temperature of {{convert|750|to|900|°F|°C}}. At the lower section, the heat rose to {{convert|1300|°F|°C}} and steam was added to produce ammonia. The process required approximately {{convert|1000|impbbl}} of water equivalent of steam per one ton of oil shale.[1][4][5] The retort had a 15 ton capacity, and the residence time was 24 hours. It was started up by combustion of coal, but after the process started it was switched to the produced oil shale gas.[1] References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite paper | title = Studies of the Scottish oil shale industry. Vol.1 History of the industry, working conditions, and mineralogy of Scottish and Green River formation shales. Final report on US Department of Energy | authors = Louw, S.J.; Addison, J. | editor = Seaton, A. | publisher = Institute of Occupational Medicine | url = http://www.iom-world.org/pubs/IOM_TM8502.pdf | pages = 38, 53–56 | year = 1985 | format = PDF | id = DE-ACO2 – 82ER60036 | accessdate = {{date|2009-11-28}}}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1= Talbot |first1= Frederick Arthur |title= The Oil Conquest of the World |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8vdkEIGMwL8C&pg=PA182|year= 2007|publisher= READ BOOKS|page=182–193|accessdate = {{date|2009-11-28}}|isbn=978-1-4086-1045-9 }} 3. ^{{Cite book | title= An Assessment of Oil Shale Technologies | publisher = DIANE Publishing | author = United States Office of Technology Assessment | pages = 138 | url=http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk3/1980/8004/8004.PDF | format = PDF | date = June 1980 | id = NTIS order #PB80-210115 | accessdate= {{date|2009-11-28}} | isbn = 978-1-4289-2463-5}} 4. ^1 {{cite book|last1= Alderson |first1= Victor Clifton|title= The Oil Shale Industry|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNBLHmlUW0C&pg=PA68|year= 2009|publisher= BiblioBazaar|page=68|accessdate = {{date|2009-11-28}}|isbn=978-1-103-27580-9}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1= Hull |first1= Thomas|title= Oils, Fats and Fuels|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AiOEF-eGBvwC&pg=PA61|year= 2009|publisher= READ BOOKS|page=61|accessdate = {{date|2009-11-28}}|isbn=978-1-4067-4163-6}} 7 : Oil shale technology|Energy in Scotland|Industrial history of Scotland|1894 introductions|1894 establishments in Scotland|History of West Lothian|Economy of West Lothian |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。