| 词条 | Punch-marked coins |
| 释义 |
Punch-marked coins are a type of early Coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BC. It was of irregular shape. Greek and Achaemenid coinage in northwestern India (6th century onward){{see also|Kabul hoard|Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley}}Coin finds in the Kabul hoard or the Shaikhan Dehri hoard in Pushkalavati have revealed numerous Achaemenid coins as well as many Greek coins from the 5th and 4th centuries BCE were circulating in the area, at least as far as the Indus during the reign of the Achaemenids, who were in control of the areas as far as Gandhara.[3][4][5][6] In 2007 a small coin hoard was discovered at the site of ancient Pushkalavati (Shaikhan Dehri) in Pakistan. The hoard contained a tetradrachm minted in Athens circa 500/490-485/0 BCE, together with a number of local types as well as silver cast ingots. The Athens coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far to the east.[7] According to Joe Cribb, these early Greek coins were at the origin of Indian punch-marked coins, the earliest coins developed in India, which used minting technology derived from Greek coinage.[5] Daniel Schlumberger also considers that punch-marked bars, similar to the many punch-marked bars found in northwestern India, initially originated in the Achaemenid Empire, rather than in the Indian heartland: {{quote|“The punch-marked bars were up to now considered to be Indian (...) However the weight standard is considered by some expert to be Persian, and now that we see them also being uncovered in the soil of Afghanistan, we must take into account the possibility that their country of origin should not be sought beyond the Indus, but rather in the oriental provinces of the Achaemenid Empire"|Daniel Schlumberger, quoted from Trésors Monétaires, p.42.[6]}}Indian punch-marked coinsPunch-marked coins are a type of early coinage of India, dating to between about the 6th and 2nd centuries BCE. There are uncertainties regarding the actual time punch-marked coinage started in India, with proposals ranging from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.[11] However, the study of the relative chronology of these coins has successfully established that the first punch-marked coins initially only had one or two punches, with the number of punches increasing over time.[8] The first coins in India may have been minted around the 6th century BCE by the Mahajanapadas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, and certainly before the invasion of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE. However, according to Joe Cribb, Indian punch-marked coins may only go back to the mid-4th century BCE or slightly earlier, and actually started with the punch-marked coinage of the Achaemenids in the Kabul/ Gandhara area.[8] The coins of this period were punch-marked coins called Puranas, Karshapanas or Pana. Several of these coins had a single symbol, for example, Saurashtra had a humped bull, and Dakshin Panchala had a Swastika, others, like Magadha, had several symbols. These coins were made of silver of a standard weight but with an irregular shape. This was gained by cutting up silver bars and then making the correct weight by cutting the edges of the coin.[9] They are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories and lasted three centuries longer in the south than the north (600 BCE – 300 CE).[10]
Mauryan Period (322–185 BCE)During the Mauryan period, punch-marked coins continued to be issued in large quantities. Similarly, the coinage of the Mauryan Empire was a of the punch-marked coinage of Magadha. Each coin contained on average 50–54 grains of silver depending on wear and 32 rattis in weight Manusmriti,[13] and earlier coins are flatter than later coins. Punches on these coins count to 450 different types with the most common the sun and six-armed symbols, and various forms of geometrical patterns, circles, wheels, human figures, various animals, bows and arrows, hills and trees etc. Many are barely discernible for what they could be. The basic coin is called the Karshapana (pana) in numismatic terms but the Arthashastra stated there are at least 4 denominations of silver coins in pana, ardhapana (half pana), pada (quarter pana) and ashta-bhaga, or arshapadika (one-eighth pana).{{Citation needed|date=March 2007}} But only the Karshapana is found. There are no issues found of the other denominations even though cut coins are found. Longevity of the punch-marked coinagePunch-marked coins are mentioned in the Manu, Panini, and Buddhist Jataka stories. They continued circulating in the North until approximately the beginning of the first century CE, but lasted three centuries longer in the South, i.e. until about 300 CE.[14] In the North, following the fall of the Maurya Empire and the increased influence of the Greco-Bactrians and Indo-Greeks, punch-marked coins were replaced by cast die-struck coins, as visible in the Post-Mauryan coinage of Gandhara. See also
References1. ^[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 CNG Coins] 2. ^[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=309206 CNG Coins] 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=“Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander’s Conquest)” |pages=300-301 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938/_Coin_Production_and_Circulation_in_Central_Asia_and_North-West_India_Before_and_after_Alexander_s_Conquest_ |language=en}} 4. ^[https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh05-106.html US Department of Defense] 5. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Errington |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Trust |first2=Ancient India and Iran |last3=Museum |first3=Fitzwilliam |title=The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan |date=1992 |publisher=Ancient India and Iran Trust |isbn=9780951839911 |pages=57-59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfLpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Bopearachchi |first1=Osmund |title=“Coin Production and Circulation in Central Asia and North-West India (Before and after Alexander’s Conquest)” |pages=308- |url=https://www.academia.edu/15798938/_Coin_Production_and_Circulation_in_Central_Asia_and_North-West_India_Before_and_after_Alexander_s_Conquest_ |language=en}} 7. ^[https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=199773 CNG Coins] 8. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Cribb |first1=Joe |title=Investigating the introduction of coinage in India- a review of recent research, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India xlv (Varanasi 1983), pp.95-101 |pages=85-86 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33456187/Investigating_the_introduction_of_coinage_in_India-_a_review_of_recent_research_Journal_of_the_Numismatic_Society_of_India_xlv_Varanasi_1983_pp.80-101 |language=en}} 9. ^{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5caAAAAYAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/04/01/coin1.htm|title=Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BC – circa 300 AD)|publisher=Government Museum Chhennai|accessdate=2007-09-06}} 11. ^http://coinindia.com/galleries-surashtra.html Accessed 06/03/2007 12. ^Allan & Stern (2008) 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/ancient1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2005-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050618025958/http://www.med.unc.edu/~nupam/ancient1.html |archivedate=2005-06-18 |df= }} accessed 15/2/2007 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaimuseum.org/draft/gallery/04/01/coin1.htm|title=Puranas or Punch-Marked Coins (circa 600 BCE – circa 300 CE)|publisher=Government Museum Chhennai|accessdate=2007-09-06}} External links
3 : Ancient currencies|Coins of India|Ancient India |
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