| 词条 | Pupilla loessica |
| 释义 |
| name = Pupilla loessica | fossil_range= {{fossil range|early Pleistocene|Recent|ref=[1]}} | image = Pupilla loessica shell.png | image_caption = Drawing of apertural view of a shell of Pupilla loessica | status = | status_ref = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Panpulmonata clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Orthurethra | superfamilia = Pupilloidea | familia = Pupillidae | genus = Pupilla | species = P. loessica | binomial = Pupilla loessica | binomial_authority = Ložek, 1954[1] | synonyms = }} Pupilla loessica is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pupillidae. Pupilla loessica is a significant glacial index species for the Pleistocene in Central and Eastern Europe and also in parts of NorthWestern Europe.[1] It lives as extant species in Central Asia.[1]DistributionPupilla loessica was first described by Czech biologist Vojen Ložek in 1954 from late Pleistocene loess from Předmostí u Přerova (Moravia, Czech Republic).[1] For the Pleistocene in Central and Eastern Europe and also in parts of NorthWestern Europe, Pupilla loessica constitutes a significant glacial index species.[1]Individual specimens had been found since the early Pleistocene.[1] It was widespread above all in the middle Pleistocene and late Pleistocene.[1] Fossil distribution of Pupilla loessica include:
At an early date (1986), Ložek supported the view that Pupilla loessica was alive at the present time in Central Asia.[1] Recent distribution of Pupilla loessica include:
DescriptionThe shells of Pupilla loessica are about 3 mm high, thin, cylindrical-ovate and have a rounded conical apex.[1] The approximately 5 strongly curved whorls gradually increase in height and are finely and irregularly ribbed.[1] The short elliptical aperture has no denticles, no palatal callus and is only slightly broadened.[1] The crest is at most indicated by a weak band.[1] The shells are usually a strong brown colour when fresh.[1] The fine ribs evidence very low, fragile rims which are not always visible in recent shells.[1] On weathered shells the fine ribs are still visible although less pronounced, as on the shells of the Pleistocene Pupilla loessica.[1] The width of the recent shells is 1.6-1.8 mm.[1] The height of the shells of the recent shell is 2.5-3.3 mm.[1] The species differs from Pupilla muscorum by its smaller size, the strongly rounded and ribbed whorls and the lack of denticles and crest.[1] EcologyPupilla loessica occur from woodland to dry steppe.[2] The altitude ranges from 560 m a.s.l. to high altitude habitats around 3000 m a.s.l.[1] This species prefer continental types of habitat with average annual temperatures markedly below 0 °C.[1] The climate ranges from continental to sub-boreal climate.[1] Although it is a frequent loess mollusc, it apparently lived in various glacial habitats.[1]Pupilla loessica is found in various different habitats in the Saylyugem Mountains.[1] These habitats range from stony steppe via open woodland with Larix sibirica, shrubland, mesophilic meadows to humid high altitude meadows with Carex sp. and Dryas oxyodonta (alpine tundra).[1]For example in Saylyugem Mountains Pupilla loessica lives in 2200–2650 m a.s.l.[1] The closest known meteorological station is the Kosh Agach Station: the average annual temperature recorded amounts to –6.7 °C (January –32 °C, July 13 °C) and the annual rainfall amounts to about 110–150 mm on average.[1] This species often accompanies the so-called Pupilla fauna and Columella fauna (according to Ložek 1964).[3][1] In addition to Pupilla spp., species which like humidity, such as Columella columella or Vertigo genesii, are also often found together with Pupilla loessica.[1] The corresponding accompanying fauna is also adapted to the cold habitats, including e.g. Columella columella, Vertigo genesii, Vallonia tenuilabris, etc.[1] Such malacofauna in recent habitats (especially on the humid alpine meadows) correspond to those of the Pleistocene glacial habitats of the Central European region.[1] ReferencesThis article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[4] 1. ^{{cs icon}} Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1. 2. ^1 2 3 Horsák M., Chytrý M., Pokryszko B. M., Danihelka J., Ermakov N., Hájek M., Hájková P., Kintrová K., Kočí M., Kubešová S., Lustyk P., Otýpková Z., Pelánková B. & Valachovič M. (2010). "Habitats of relict terrestrial snails in southern Siberia: lessons for the reconstruction of palaeoenvironments of full-glacial Europe". Journal of Biogeography 37(8): 1450-1462. {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02280.x}}. 3. ^Ložek V. (1964). Quartärmollusken der Tschechoslowakei. – Rozpravy Ústředního ústavu geologického, Praha, 31: 374 pp. 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Meng S. & Hoffmann M. H. (2009). "Pupilla loessica Ložek 1954 (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Pupillidae) – “A Living Fossil” in Central Asia?". Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart Quaternary Science Journal 58(1): 55–69. {{DOI|10.3285/eg.58.1.03}}. External links{{Taxonbar|from=Q7260666}} 2 : Pupillidae|Gastropods described in 1954 |
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