| 词条 | Pupilla pratensis |
| 释义 |
| name = Pupilla pratensis | image = Pupilla pratensis shell.png | image_caption = shell of Pupilla pratensis | image2 = Pupilla-pratensis 03.jpg | image2_caption = shells of Pupilla pratensis | status = NE | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Mollusca | classis = Gastropoda | unranked_superfamilia = clade Heterobranchia clade Euthyneura clade Eupulmonata clade Stylommatophora informal group Orthurethra | superfamilia = Pupilloidea | familia = Pupillidae | genus = Pupilla | species = P. pratensis | binomial = Pupilla pratensis | binomial_authority = (Clessin, 1871)[2] | synonyms = Pupa (Pupilla) muscorum var. pratensis Clessin, 1871 }}Pupilla pratensis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pupillidae. This taxon was elevated to species level in 2009.[3] TaxonomyPupilla pratensis was originally described as a variety of Pupilla muscorum by German malacologist Stefan Clessin in 1871.[2] The taxon Pupilla pratensis has long been neglected in the malacological literature, or considered a morphologically weakly defined ecophenotype – found in wet, calcareous habitats – of the variable Pupilla muscorum.[5][3] The form, however, represents a distinct species, which has recently been shown in a study combining morphological, ecological and molecular data by von Proschwitz et al. (2007, 2009).[4][3][5] Pupilla pratensis was misidentified as either Pupilla muscorum[12] or Pupilla alpicola before 2009.[13]However, based on some 2012 preliminary molecular analyses, it seems that Pupilla pratensis and Pupilla alpicola are geographical subspecies of a single, more widely distributed species.[14] DescriptionThe shell of this species is dark to brown, translucent and thin, with fine and distinct growth lines, 6-7.5 whorls with deep suture, outline elongate and broad, aperture rounded with weakly developed lip, usually toothless, or with weak parietal and occasionally a palatal tooth, sometimes with weak cervical calllus.[12] The height of the shell is 3.5-4.5 mm. The width of the shell is 1.85-2.05 mm.[12] Pupilla pratensis differs from Pupilla muscorum, with which it often lives sympatrically, in its thinner, larger and broader shell, darker and less variable colour and weaker apertural lip.[12] The shell of Pupilla pratensis is larger – especially in diameter (1.86–2.06 mm), but often also in height (3.48–4.54 mm) – and the number of whorls (6.0–7.5) is usually greater compared to that of Pupila muscorum.[5] The form is cylindrical in both species, but in Pupilla muscorum the last whorls converge rather smoothly towards the apex; in Pupilla pratensis the convergence is somewhat more abrupt, giving the apex a blunt appearance.[5] The whorls are usually more vaulted in Pupilla pratensis, and the suture is somewhat deeper.[5] The colour of the shell varies from brown to brown-grey in both species, but Pupilla pratensis is often more of a darkish chestnut brown.[5] In Pupilla muscorum the colour is more variable, ranging from reddish brown to horny grey.[5] The shell surface is nearly smooth in both species.[5] It appears thinner in Pupilla pratensis, in which it is sometimes slightly translucent.[5] The growth-lines are very fine in Pupilla muscorum and somewhat coarser in Pupilla pratensis.[5] The apertural lip is often rather weakly developed in Pupilla pratensis in contrast to Pupilla muscorum, in which it is thicker and more pronounced.[5] The apertural teeth are more weakly developed in Pupilla pratensis, and always arise directly from the apertural walls, never from a callus (as is sometimes the case in Pupilla muscorum).[5] A weakly developed parietal tooth is rather frequently present, often together with a very weak, simply indicated palatal, but the mouth is often completely toothless.[5]It should be remarked, that in some samples from western and northern Norway some specimens of Pupilla muscorum seem to be larger than in Swedish and German populations, and hence in size close to Pupilla pratensis – this requires further studies.[5] DistributionDue to the fact that Pupilla pratensis has been overlooked, its distribution is only fragmentarily known.[5] A wide, but scattered distribution, mainly in calcareous areas in Central, Northern and Western Europe is to be expected.[5] So far, scattered localities are, known from Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Ireland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden,[5] Slovakia and Great Britain. In Europe, Pupilla pratensis seems to have a Northern Atlantic distribution, which does not overlap with the distribution of Pupilla alpicola which in Europe is mainly limited to the Alps and Carpathians.[14] It occurs in the following countries:
The type locality is Dinkelscherben near Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany.[2] Pupilla pratensis probably also occurs in Austria, Switzerland, Hungary and England.[10]EcologyPupilla pratensis is typical habitat specialist.[14] It is a pronounced hygrophilous species, inhabiting open, richer, often calcareous moist and wetland habitats.[5] In Scandinavia it occurs in calcareous fens and meadows.[12] The character of the sites in SE Norway (calcareous fen, sloping wetlands with springs) is in good accordance with this and with the habitats of Pupilla pratensis in Sweden; where it occurs as a typical species of open calcareous fens or wet, moist calcareous meadows.[5] In Nordland County, Norway the habitats are of a different type, calcareous, rocky slopes close to the sea.[5] Probably the wet climate in the western, coastal Norway makes it possible for the species to widen its ecological occurrence.[5]Unfortunately, this habitat type, treeless calcareous fens, is very rare, mostly isolated and nowadays highly threatened by draining and successional changes after the cessation of regular mowing and grazing.[14] Therefore, the records are very important for nature conservation and a much attention should be paid to extant populations.[14] The species’ ecology is similar to that of Pupilla alpicola.[14] ReferencesThis article incorporates public domain text from the reference[11] and CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference[12] and CC-BY-4.0 text from the reference[13] 1. ^The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. 2. ^1 2 {{de icon}} Clessin S. (1871). "Die Mollusken-Fauna der Umgegend von Augsburg". Bericht des Naturhistorischen Vereins in Augsburg 21: 81-126. [https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753003650790#page/101/mode/2up page 101]. 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 von Proschwitz T., Schander C. , Jueg U. & Thorkildsen S. (2009). "Morphology, ecology and DNA-barcoding distinguish Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871) from Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata: Pupillidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies 75(4): 315-322. {{doi|10.1093/mollus/eyp038}}. 4. ^von Proschwitz T., Schander C., Jueg U. & Thorkildsen S. (2007). "Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871) a distinct species in the form group of Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Pupillidae)". In: Jordanes K., Van Houtte N., Van Goethem J. & Backeljau T. (eds). World Congress of Malacology Antwerp, Belgium 15–20 July 2007. Abstracts. pp. 235-236. 5. ^Killeen I. J. (2013). "Whorl snails (Vertigo spp.) surveillance in Scotland: a condition assessment of Geyer’s whorl snail Vertigo geyeri, and the round-mouthed whorl snail Vertigo genesii in Perthshire and the Black Isle". Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 616. PDF. 6. ^{{de icon}} Goldfuss O. (1883). "Beitrag zur Mollusken-Fauna Ober-Schlesiens". Nachrichtsblatt der Deutschen malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 15: [https://archive.org/stream/nachrichtsblattd151883deut#page/32/mode/2up 33]–44. 7. ^"Red List of the molluscs (Mollusca) of the Czech Republic". Retrieved 30 July 2010. 8. ^1 2 {{cs icon}} Škodová J. & Horsák M. (2010). "Zrnovka slatinná (Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871), Gastropoda) - staronový druh našich mokřadů. In: Bryja J. & Zasadil P. (eds.) Zoologické dny Praha 2010. Sborník abstraktů z konference 11.-12. února 2010. Ústav biologie obratlovců AV ČR, Brno, {{ISBN|978-80-87189-07-8}}. Pages 214-215. 9. ^1 Horsák M., Škodová J., Myšák J., Čejka T., Ložek V. & Hlaváč J. Č. (2010). "Pupilla pratensis (Gastropoda: Pupillidae) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia and its distinction from P. muscorum and P. alpicola based on multidimensional analysis of shell measurements". Biologia 65(6): 1012-1018. {{doi|10.2478/s11756-010-0117-4}}. 10. ^1 Balashov I. (2013). "The first finding of Pupilla pratensis for Ukraine in the Crimean Mountains with remarks on its conservation status and differences from Pupilla muscorum". Ruthenica 23(2): 181-185. PDF. 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 "Species summary for Pupilla pratensis". AnimalBase. Last modified 30-01-2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010. 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 von Proschwitz T. (2010). "Three land-snail species new to the Norwegian fauna: Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871), Vertigo ultimathule von Proschwitz, 2007 and Balea sarsii Philippi, 1847 [= B. heydeni von Maltzan, 1881]". Fauna norvegica 30: 13-19. {{doi|10.5324/fn.v30i0.628}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Horsák M., Schenková V. & Myšák J. (2012). "The second site of Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837) and the first recent record of Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871) in Poland". Folia Malacologica 20(1): 21-26. {{doi|10.2478/v10125-012-0003-5}}. External links
2 : Pupillidae|Gastropods described in 1871 |
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